43、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式 (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

　　论述简答 (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

　　一、What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancient Greece？(名解简答) (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

　　(How do you understand “Democracy” in ancient Greece？ What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancient Greece and modern democracy？) (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

　　答： (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

　　① Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”， but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

　　② Women， children， foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.

　　二、How did the Greek Culture originate and develop？ (来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

　　答： (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

    ① Probably around 1200 B.C.， a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

　　② Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.

　　A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion (入侵) early in the 5th century. (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

　　B. The establishment of democracy. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

　　C. The flourishing (蒸蒸日上的) of science， philosophy， literature， art and historical writing in Athens.

　　③ The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. (来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

　　④ In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， Greece was conquered by Alexander， king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered， whenever Greek culture was found.

(来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　⑤ Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C.， the Romans conquered Greece.

　　三、How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop？ (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

　　答： (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

　　(1)、Three founders

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

　　1、Pythagoras① All things were numbers.

(来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

　　② Scientific mathematics.

(来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

　　③ Theory of proportion.比例的理论 (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

　　2、Heracleitue① Fire is the primary(主要的) elements of the universe.火是万物之源 (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

　　② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一 (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

　　3、Democritus① the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者

(来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　② materialism.唯物主义 (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　(2)、Three thinkers (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

　　1、Socrates①He hadn‘t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.

(来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　②The dialectical method was established by Socrates. (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world， it was established by Plato. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

　　②He has four works. Dialogues， Apology， Symposium and Republic. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

　　3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world， it was established by Aristotle.

　　②Aristotle is a humanist. (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

　　(2)、Five contending schools (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　1、The Sophists诡辩派

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

　　①Under the leadership of Protagoras.

　　②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论

　　③His doctrine教义 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的标准 (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

　　2、The Cynics犬儒派

　　①Under the leadership of Diogenes. (来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

　　②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.

　　③He proclaimed宣扬 his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.权利 (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

　　3、The Sceptics置疑学派 (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

　　①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.

(来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

　　②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable可获得的， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

　　4、The Epicureans享乐派 (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

　　①Under the leadership of Epicurus. 选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名 (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual肉欲 enjoyment.享乐

　　Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得 (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

　　Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.原子 (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

　　5、The Stoics斯多哥派 (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

　　①Under the leadership of Zeno.

　　②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.

(来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　One should endure忍受 hardship艰难 and misfortune不幸 with courage.勇气

　　Developed into Stoics‘ duty.

(来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

　　He was also a materialist. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

　　四、What philosophy system did Plato established？

(来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

　　(Why do we say Plato‘s philosophy system was idealistic？ Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive综合的 system of philosophy？ )

(来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

　　答： (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

　　1、It dealt with， among other things， the problem of how， in the complex， ever—changing world， men were to attain获得 knowledge.

　　2、The first case and physical自然 world should take the secondary case.

　　3、Idealistic of philosophy. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

　　4、Many of Plato‘s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. (吸收到基督教的思想中)

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

　　五、What‘s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？

(来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

　　答： (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

　　1、 For one thing， Aristotle emphasized(强调) direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.(理论联系实际)This is different from Plato‘s reliance(依赖) on subjective thinking.(万物依赖主观思维)

　　2、For another， he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete(具体的) individual(个别的) realities. (物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here， too， he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(意识高于物质)

　　3、Aristotle thought happiness was men‘s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense， but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason， goodness and contemplation.(善良和期待)

(来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

　　一句话简答题What should be man‘s aim in life？ (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

　　Aristotle‘s answer was： happiness.

　　六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development？

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

　　(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert运用 on the world civilization文化？)

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

　　答：

　　There has been an enduring excitement兴奋 about classical经典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere别处。Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital有生命力的 part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.