一.本课要点及示例

在这一课里, 我们要学习用 "如果" if, i-f, if 作假设性的句子来表达跟现在的情 况相反的条件和结果. 比方你的好朋友邀请你跟他一起去看电影,可是你必须 念书, 不能去, 所以你就告诉他: "如果不是我得念书, 我就跟你去看电影." 这 句话英文应该这么说: If I didn't have to study, I would go to the movies with you.

(来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

现在我们来听英文老师念一段对话, 多举几个例子给你听. 对话的内容是说 凯特的父母搬到佛罗里达州, 凯特很想念他们,亨利想法子安慰她的情况. 请 你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调.

(来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

F: I miss my folks. I wish we could see them.

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

M: Well, if they lived closer, we would see them more often.

(来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

F: If we owned a bigger house, they could live with us. (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

M: You know they would never do that. They would feel that they were intruding.

F: You're right. But I wish I were with them now. Let's go visit them. (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

M: All the way to Florida? We could if we didn't have to work and if the kids didn't have school. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

F: Maybe they will come to visit us when it gets warmer.

(来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

M: I'm sure they will. Maybe we can go there to see them this summer on vacation. (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

Meanwhile, why don't you call them on the phone? (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

F: I just did. That's why I miss them so much right now.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

现在老师用慢速度再把整个对话念一遍.

(来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

F: I miss my folks. I wish we could see them.

M: Well, if they lived closer, we would see them more often. (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

F: If we owned a bigger house, they could live with us.

(来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

M: You know they would never do that. They would feel that they were intruding. (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

F: You're right. But I wish I were with them now. Let's go visit them.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

M: All the way to Florida? We could if we didn't have to work and if the kids didn't have school.

F: Maybe they will come to visit us when it gets warmer.

M: I'm sure they will. Maybe we can go there to see them this summer on vacation. (来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

Meanwhile, why don't you call them on the phone? (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

F: I just did. That's why I miss them so much right now.

现在我把对话里包含今天要学的语法的句子挑出来,请老师再念一遍给你听. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

M: If they lived closer, we would see them more often.

F: If we owned a bigger house, they could live with us. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

M: If they lived with us, they would feel that they were intruding. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: We could if we didn't have to work and if the kids didn't have school. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

二.用 IF 引导跟现在事实相反的情况

听了上面那些句子, 你可能已经注意到怎么表达跟现在事实相反的情况.在下 面一组练习里你可以更仔细地把事实跟假设作个比较. 练习的作法是亨利用 现在时态说一句话, 比方 "我们没有大房子. 他们不能跟我们一起住." We don't have a big house. They cannot live with us. 接着凯特就用过去时态把句 子改成:"如果我们有大房子,他们就可以跟我们一块住." If we had a big house, they could live with us.这组练习的内容都是说到凯特的愿望.这些愿望都跟凯 特的父母有关系. 练习里有些词汇可能你不熟, 比方"照顾他们" take care of them,"照料他们自己" look after themselves, "陪伴他们" keep the company 等 等.请你在听老师念句子的时候一方面注意语法的变化, 一方面注意词汇. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

M: We don't have a big house. They cannot live with us. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

F: If we had a big house, they could live with us. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

M: They don't live with us. We cannot see them everyday. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

F: If they lived with us. We could see them everyday.

M: We don't see them every day. We cannot take care of them. (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

F: If we saw them everyday, we could take care of them.

(来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

M: They are not young. They cannot look after themselves.

F: If they were young, they could look after themselves.

M: We have jobs in Seattle. We cannot move to Florida. (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

F: If we didn't have jobs in Seattle, we could move to Florida.

(来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

M: Long distance phone calls are expensive. We cannot talk to them everyday. (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

F: If long distance phone calls weren't expensive, we could talk to them everyday.

M: We are busy. We cannot go to visit them. (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

F: If we weren't busy, we could go to visit them. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

M: Our kids have to go to school. They cannot visit the grandparents. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

F: If our kids didn't have to go to school, they could visit the grandparents. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

M: We cannot visit them. We cannot keep them company.

F: If we could visit them, we could keep them company. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: We are not there with them. We cannot buy groceries for them. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

F: If we were there with them, we could buy groceries for them. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: We are not living with them. We cannot do their laundry for them. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

F: If we were living with them, we could do their laundry for them. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

在用过去时态表达跟目前相反的情况的时候,be动词一律用were,w-e-r-e, were.

比方凯特不住在佛罗里达州, 所以她不能够照顾父母. 她可以这样说: I am not in Florida. I cannot take care of them. 要是把这句话改成: "如果我在那儿, 我就 可以照顾他们." 英文就应该这样说: I could take care of them if I were there. 下 面我们作一组代换练习学学这种说法, 同时复习刚才那组练习里的一些词汇.

现在请你注意听凯特说一句话, 接着老师念一个词组,请你跟凯特一起把词组 代换到前半个句子里.

F: I could take care of them if I were there.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

M: look after them. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

F: I could look after them if I were there. (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

M: keep them company

F: I could keep them company if I were there. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

M: help them

F: I could help them if I were there.

M: cook for them (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

F: I could cook for them if I were there. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

M: buy groceries for them

F: I could buy groceries for them if I were there. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: do their laundry (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

F: I could do their laundry if I were there.

M: take them shopping (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

F: I could take them shopping if I were there.

下面我们再作一组代换练习, 一方面学习今天教的语法,一方面复习形容词比 较级.练习的内容是说如果凯特的父母跟女儿, 女婿一块住会有什么好处. 请 你跟着凯特把第一个句子重复一遍, 然后跟凯特一起把老师提出的词汇代换 到后半个句子里. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

F: If they lived with us, it would be more economical for them. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: less expensive (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

F: If they lived with us, it would be less expensive for them.

M: more convenient (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

F: If they lived with us, it would be more convenient for them. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

M: less troublesome

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

F: If they lived with us, it would be less troublesome for them.

(来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: easier (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

F: If they lived with us, it would be easier for them. (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

M: less difficult (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

F: If they lived with us, it would be less difficult for them. (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

下面我们再作一组练习, 学学怎么表达跟目前相反的情况. 练习的内容都是说 到在美国六十五岁以上的老人,也就是所谓的 senior citizens 能得到什么好处.

在这组练习里你可以学到许多有用的词汇, 比方 "福利" benefit, "退休金" retirement pension,"义务" obligation,"无忧无虑"care-free. "志愿工作" volunteer work 等等.现在请你先注意老师用现在时态说明目前的情况; 然后请你用过去 时态否定句说明跟目前相反的情况. 下面就是一个例子:

(来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

M: We are senior citizens. We are able to enjoy senior citizen benefits. (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

F: If we weren't senior citizens, we wouldn't be able to enjoy senior citizen benefits.

现在我们开始作练习. 每作完一句就请你听老师把正确答案念一遍. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: We are senior citizens. We are able to enjoy senior citizen benefits. (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

F: If we weren't senior citizens, we wouldn't be able to enjoy senior citizen benefits.

M: We don't have to work full time. We have time to enjoy our hobbies. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

F: If we had to work full time, we wouldn't have time to enjoy our hobbies.

(来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: We don't have many obligations. We are carefree. (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

F: If we had many obligations, we wouldn't be carefree.

M: We don't need to work full time. We are free to do volunteer work. (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

F: If we needed to work full time, we wouldn't be free to do volunteer work. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

M: We do volunteer work. We have a lot of new experiences. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

F: If we didn't do volunteer work, we wouldn't have a lot of new experiences.

下面我们再作一组练习. 这组练习的作法是由老师念一些句子说明美国老年 人目前的生活情况, 比方 "我们从事志愿工作以免与社会脱节." We do volunteer work so that we don't lose contact with the society. 请你用might 把 句子改成:If we didn't do volunteer work, we might lose contact with the society. (来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

在这组练习里, 除了复习今天教的语法你还可以学习一些有用的词汇, 比方 "跟什么什么失去联系" lose contact with."跟某某人交往" associate with, "团 结" united, "为了要" in order to 等等. 请你在作练习的时候特别注意. 每作完 一句老师就会念出正确答案让你作个比较, 看你作对了没有.

M: We do volunteer work so that we don't lose contact with the society.

(来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

F: If we didn't do volunteer work, we might lose contact with the society.

M: We are active so that we can enjoy life.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

F: If we weren't active, we might not enjoy life. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

M: We associate with fellow senior citizens to be able to share our interests. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

F: If we didn't associate with fellow senior citizens, we might not be able to share our interests.

(来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

M: We are united in order to have social influence.

F: If we weren't united, we might not have social influence. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

三.听短文回答问题

(来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

今天我们要听一篇谈美国老年人生活的文章. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

请你注意听. 等一会儿我们要依照惯例根据文章问你三个问题. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

People over the age of 65 in the U.S. are called senior citizens. Life for these people is different than for younger Americans. Most senior citizens retire, or no longer work full time.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

Also it is unusual for people of this age to live with their children and grandchildren. (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

Grandparents tend to live in their own houses or apartments away from their families.

(来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

For many senior citizens, the years after 65 are not enjoyable. They feel unproductive when they no longer work. Their lives lose meaning. In addition, they may feel lonely being away from their families and the contacts they had in their work. Moreover, they become more concerned with their health as they grow older. If they live in big cities, they often worry about their safety.

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

Other senior citizens enjoy their lives. They feel free to do things they were not able to do when they were working and raising families. They now have time to enjoy hobbies and sports and travel. They associate with their fellow senior citizens who have common interests and equal free time. Many senior citizens move to retirement communities located in warm climates. Some senior citizens continue to work beyond retirement age.

(来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

Many find new careers and professional opportunities after they retire.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

The number of senior citizens in the U.S. is increasing rapidly because people are living longer than before. The average life span for Americans is now more than 74 years.

Because of their larger numbers and more active life styles, senior citizens are gaining social influence in the country, both politically and economically. Their concerns are receiving a wider audience than ever before. The time may come when all Americans will look forward to becoming senior citizens. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

现在请你回答三个问题. 每回答一个问题, 老师就会念出正确答案给你听. (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

第一个问题是: (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: Who are senior citizens?

F: Senior citizens are people over 65 years of age.

第二个问题是:

(来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

M: What are some of the problems for senior citizens? (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

F: Some of them feel unproductive, lonely and unsafe.

第三个问题是:

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

M: Why are senior citizens gaining social influence? (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

F: It is because the number of senior citizens is growing and because senior citizens are more active.