一.本课要点及示例

在这一课里, 我们学习动词加上 to, t-o, to 再加上另外一个动词的用法, 比方 "拒绝参加" refuse to join, "要求得到" demand to get 等等. 我们还要学习许多 关于工会的词汇.

首先我们来听今天这一课的对话,内容是说凯特和他的同事比尔谈起了参加 教师工会的事情, 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调. (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

F: Are you going to the union meeting tonight? (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

M: No, I refused to join a union. It's not professional. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

F: I used to think that way, but not anymore. The union is here to stay, and I think it is a good thing.

(来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

M: Why do we need to have a union? (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

F: They communicate our views to the school board. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: They demand to get more money and lighter workloads. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

F: They work to get better learning situations for our students.

M: Like what? (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

F: They managed to get the school board to control class size and offer more courses. (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

M: Yes, they were helpful in those cases, but I still don't want to join the union. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

现在我请英文老师用慢速度再把整段对话念一遍.

(来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

F: Are you going to the union meeting tonight? (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: No, I refused to join a union. It's not professional. (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

F: I used to think that way, but not anymore. The union is here to stay, and I think it is a good thing. (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

M: Why do we need to have a union?

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

F: They communicate our views to the school board.

(来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

M: They demand to get more money and lighter workloads.

(来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

F: They work to get better learning situations for our students. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

M: Like what? (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

F: They managed to get the school board to control class size and offer more courses. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

M: Yes, they were helpful in those cases, but I still don't want to join the union. (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

下面我们再把对话里包含了今天要学的语法的句子挑出来, 用慢速度念一遍 给你听. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

M: I refuse to join a union. I don't want to join the union. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

F: I used to think that way. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

M: Why do we need to have a union? (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

M: They demand to get more money.

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

F: They work to get better learning situations. (来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

F: They managed to get the school board to control class size.

(来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

二.NEED TO

听了上面那些句子, 我想你已经注意到用 to 连接的两个动词可以用来说明同 一个主语. 现在我们作几组练习, 多学学这类动词词组. 首先我们学习 need to have. 比方 "工人需要减轻工作量." 这句话英文可以这样说: Workers need to have lighter workloads. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

下面英文老师用 need to have 作一些句子, 说明工人需要有什么, 比方 "较高 的工资" higher wages, "小额优惠" fringe benefits, "职业保障" job protection, "退休金" retirement pension,"工会代表" union representatives 等等. 你注意听 老师念句子, 并且跟着学生把句子重复一遍.

M: Workers need to have higher wages.

F: Workers need to have higher wages. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

M: Workers need to have better working conditions. (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

F: Workers need to have better working conditions.

(来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: Workers need to have more fringe benefits.

F: Workers need to have more fringe benefits. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

M: Workers need to have job protection.

F: Workers need to have job protection.

M: Workers need to have retirement pension.

(来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

F: Workers need to have retirement pension. (来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

M: Workers need to have unions. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

F: Workers need to have unions. (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

M: Workers need to have representatives. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

F: Workers need to have representatives. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

三.DEMAND TO GET, ARE ALLOWED TO 和 WANT TO (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

刚才那些新词汇如果你还不太熟没有关系. 现在我们作一组代换练习把这些 词汇练习一下; 不过这次我请英文老师用 "需要得到" demand to get 作句子.

练习的作法是老师念一个句子, 接着老师念出一个词组, 学生就把词组代换 到原来的句子里. 在学生作练习的时候, 请你也一起作. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

M: Workers demand to get higher wages. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

M: better working conditions (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

F: Workers demand to get better working conditions. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: more fringe benefits (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

F: Workers demand to get more fringe benefits.

(来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: job protection (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

F: Workers demand to get job protection. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

M: retirement pension (来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

F: Workers demand to get retirement pension.

M: lighter workloads (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

F: Workers demand to get lighter workloads 下面我们练习用 are allowed to 加上另外一个动词作一些被动语态句子,说明 美国法律准许工人作什么事, 比方 "组织工会" form a union, "表示意见" express opinions, "组织罢工" organize a strike, "跟资方讨价还价" bargain with the management 等等. 老师念第一个句子之后, 接着老师会念出一些词 组,请你把你听到的代换到原来的句子里. 每作完一句, 老师会把句子再念一 遍给你听. 我们现在开始.

M: Workers are allowed to form a union.

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

M: select their representatives

F: Workers are allowed to select their representatives.

M: express their opinions

F: Workers are allowed to express their opinions. (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

M: organize a strike

F: Workers are allowed to organize a strike.

M: bargain with the management

(来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

F: Workers are allowed to bargain with the management. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

下面我们用 want to 加上另外一个动词作一些句子, 学学工会要作些什么事 情. 在这组练习里你不但可以复习语法, 也可以学到一些有用的词汇, 比方 "改善" improve, "磋商" negotiate, "吸收新会员" recruit new members 等等. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

现在请你注意听老师念句子, 每念完一句就请你跟着学生一起把句子重复 一遍. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: The unions want to represent workers. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

F: The unions want to represent workers. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

M: The unions want to recruit new members. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

F: The unions want to recruit new members.

M: The unions want to improve workers' working situations. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

F: The unions want to improve workers' working situations. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

M: The unions want to negotiate with the management.

(来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

F: The unions want to negotiate with the management. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

M: The unions want to communicate with the management. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

F: The unions want to communicate with the management. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

四.REFUSE TO, MANAGE TO等等

下面我们作一组练习, 学学怎么用 refuse to 加上另外一个动词来说明拒绝作 什么事. 练习的作法是老师提出一些有关劳资双方讨价还价的问题, 比方老 师问你: "资方拒绝妥协了吗?" Did the management refuse to compromise? 接 着老师说: No, 你就回答说: No, they didn't refuse to compromise. 老师也许 问你:"资方拒绝雇更多人吗?"Did the management refuse to hire more people? (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

接着老师说: Yes,那么你就回答说: Yes, they refused to hire more people. 在 这组练习里, 你还可以学到其他有用的词汇, 比方 "讨论" discuss, "减轻工作 量" reduce workloads, "加薪" raise salaries 等等. 现在我们开始作练习, 每作 完一句就请你听老师念正确答案. (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

M: Did the management refuse to discuss with the union? (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

M: No

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

F: No, they didn't refuse to discuss.

M: Did the management refuse to compromise? (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

M: No (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

F: No, they didn't refuse to compromise.

M: Did the management refuse to reduce the workloads?

M: Yes (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

F: Yes, they refused to reduce the workloads. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

M: Did the management refuse to hire more people?

M: Yes

(来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

F: Yes, they refused to hire more people.

M: Did the management refuse to raise the salaries?

M: No (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

F: No, they didn't refuse to raise the salaries. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

下面我们用 managed to 作一些过去时态句子, 说明工会设法作了什么事. 练 习的作法是老师念一个句子, 比方: "工会设法吸收了新会员." The unions managed to recruit new members. 接着老师提出一个词组, 比方 "充实力量" gain strength, "获得效率" gain effectiveness, "争取更好的合同" get a better contract 等等, 学生就把他听到的词组代换到原来的句子里, 在学生作练习的 时候请你也一起作. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: The unions managed to recruit new members.

M: gain strength

(来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

F: The unions managed to gain strength. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

M: gain effectiveness (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

F: The unions managed to gain effectiveness.

(来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

M: organize a strike

F: The unions managed to organize a strike. (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

M: negotiate with the management (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

F: The unions managed to negotiate with the management. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: communicate workers' views to the management

(来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

F: The unions managed to communicate workers' views to the management.

(来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

M: get a good contract (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

F: The unions managed to get a good contract.

下面我们作一组综合练习, 用不同动词词组学学美国劳资双方怎么解决彼此 之间的歧见.在这组练习里你可以练习几个很有用的动词,比方 "同意" agree, "威胁" threaten, "合作" cooperate 等等. 练习的作法是老师用疑问词提出一个 问题, 接着老师念出一个词组, 请你用老师给你的词组来回答问题. 每作完 一句, 就请你听老师念正确答案.

M: What did workers want to do? (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

M: get higher wages

(来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

F: Workers wanted to get higher wages. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: What did they begin to do ? (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

M: organize a union

(来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

F: They began to organize a union. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

M: What did the union manage to do? (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

M: bargain with the management (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

F: The union managed to bargain with the management.

(来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

M: What did the union threaten to do?

M: organize a strike

F: The union threatened to organize a strike. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

M: What did the management agree to do?

(来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: cooperate with the union

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

F: The management agreed to cooperate with the union.

(来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

M: What did the management decide to do?

M: raise workers' salaries

F: The management decided to raise the workers' salaries. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

五.听短文回答问题 (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

今天我们要听一篇介绍美国工会的文章. 这篇文章不但提到工会成立的经过, 也谈到了什么是 "集体谈判" collective bargaining. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

现在请你注意听. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

Nearly 100 years ago, America's working people began to join together to improve their wages and their working situations. They formed unions. The unions presented a united position among workers in discussions with owners of businesses and factories. This idea became known as collective bargaining.

(来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

Unions were started at separate local factories. Slowly unions in several factories started to join together. As they gained size, the unions were able to gain strength and effectiveness. By the 1950's unions were successfully representing their members in most American industries.

(来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

Unions began as organizations for factory workers. Later skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers organized into unions. Recently professional people have also begun to form unions. Many teachers and nurses, for example, belong to unions. Today the largest unions have several million members.

The unions not only represent the workers in discussions with business management. (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

They also train workers for jobs, give members money if they lose their jobs, and pay workers pensions when they retire. In many situations, a person is not allowed to take a job unless he belongs to the union. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

Unions have become established institutions of American industry. Unions and management have learned to work for the benefit of both workers and owners. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

现在我们先把今天测验的问题听一遍.

第一个问题是:

M: Why do American workers join unions? (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

第二个问题是:

(来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

M: What do unions do nowadays? (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

第三个问题是: (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

M: Are there professional unions in the United States?

现在我们再听英文老师用慢速度把整篇文章念一遍. (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

Nearly 100 years ago, America's working people began to join together to improve their wages and their working situations. They formed unions. The unions presented a united position among workers in discussions with owners of businesses and factories. This idea became known as collective bargaining. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

Unions were started at separate local factories. Slowly unions in several factories started to join together. As they gained size, the unions were able to gain strength and effectiveness. By the 1950's unions were successfully representing their members in most American industries.

Unions began as organizations for factory workers. Later skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers organized into unions. Recently professional people have also begun to form unions. Many teachers and nurses, for example, belong to unions. Today the largest unions have several million members.

(来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

The unions not only represent the workers in discussions with business management. (来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

They also train workers for jobs, give members money if they lose their jobs, and pay workers pensions when they retire. In many situations, a person is not allowed to take a job unless he belongs to the union.

(来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

Unions have become established institutions of American industry. Unions and management have learned to work for the benefit of both workers and owners. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

现在请你回答你刚才听过的三个问题. 每回答一个问题,老师就会念出正确答 案让你作个比较, 看你是不是答对了. 只要意思答对了就行, 不一定要每个字 跟老师的说法一样. 现在我们开始.

(来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

第一个问题是: (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

M: Why do American workers join unions? (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

F: They join unions to improve their wages and working situations. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

第二个问题是:

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

M: What do unions do nowadays? (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

F: They represent the workers, train them for jobs, give unemployed members money and pay retirement pensions. (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

第三个问题是: (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

M: Are there professional unions in the United States? (来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

F: Yes, there are.