A Glossary of Publishing Terms

This compilation is dedicated to the memory of our nameless forebears,
who were the inventors of the
pens and inks, paper and incunabula, glyphs and alphabets,

(来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

that enabled modern communication and civil progress.

"I say ... a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself." by Robert Burton
"If I have seen further [than other men,] it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants." by Isaac Newton

- A -

AA :

The abbreviation for Author Alteration, which changes are accountable to the editor; also called author correction and client alteration. See change order, insert, sandwich, PE, proofread.

ABC :

The abbreviation for Audit Bureau of Circulations; being the group formed by advertisers, agencies, and the media to audit the circulation statements of its media members and release this information to advertisers and advertising agencies. See circulation, audience, tracking. (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

abstract / abstract art :

Art that emphasizes line, color, and nonrepresentational form; also called "non-objective art". Art from which some element has been abstracted. See ASCII art, emoticon.

accent :

Prominence of a syllable, as in its differential volume, stress, pitch, elongation, or a combination thereof, to emphasize a part, word, or phrase; see syllabary, schwa, glide. Also, a mark used to distinguish meaning or to clarify pronunciation, for stress indication (apostrophe or diacritic), for vowel quality (grave, acute, breve, circumflex), or for pitch; see point, tittle, punctuation, floating accent, Unicode. Also, symbolic or derivative notation of assigned values, as with numbers or measurements. Also, a mode of tonal or inflected pronunciation characteristic of or distinctive to the speech of a particular person, group, or locality, a verbal affect; see dialect, idiolect, slide. Also, regularly recurring stress or emphasis in rhythmic verse, as dieresis, macron, anacrusis; see foot, elision, caesura, forced line, verse. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

accessibility / disability access :

Materials, publications, and software adapted for use by disabled persons, or for interface with devices that enable use by disabled persons, as provided by supplemental scripting and third-party modes in voluntary compliance with governmental and interest-group guidelines. Website accessibility, as defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), is enhanced by tagging all images and tables with descriptive labels, by titling all frames and sources, by using the style sheet command directly on the webpage (instead of external CSS), by using client-side protocols and programs (instead of server based entities), by using relative (instead of absolute) positioning, by making content color independent, and by making navigation consistent. A fundamental concept that web designers and other content providers must understand is: availability is not accessibility. See specialized format, large print, PDF, DAISY, crawl, MSAA, WAI, validation, sign language. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

accordian-fold :

An artistic presentation of book contents, usually contained in a slipcase, in which serial pages are printed sequentially on a long strip, and continued on the reverse at the halfway point, then alternately folded to page size. Also known as "z-fold", "s-fold", or concertina-fold. See boustrophedon, French fold, foldout, parallel-fold, wrap-fold.

acid-free paper :

Archival paper that resists discoloration and disintegration due to the absence of caustic chemicals and acidic fibers during manufacture; primarily used for classic reprints and photographic essays. See paper.

acknowledgments / acknowledgments page :

A book page, usually Roman-numeral verso, recognizing authorizations, contributions, citations, constructions, and appreciations; which may include a dedication, masthead, or colophon with the copyright and other legal declarations. The British spelling is "acknowledgements". See title page, credit line, dedication, front matter, disclaimer, specialized format.

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Acrobat :

The document exchange software suite from Adobe Systems. Acrobat provides a platform-independent means of creating, viewing, and printing documents. Acrobat can convert an MS-DOS, Windows, Macintosh, or UNIX document into a stable Portable Document Format (*.PDF), which can then be displayed on any other computer with a freeware version of the Acrobat reader. When others view a PDF file or printout, the document will appear in the exact layout as the author intended. This style consistency when transported is its main advantage over other formatters, such as HTML, which can generate unreliable outputs under various circumstances. See PDF, program, software.

acronym :

A word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of the words in a name or phrase (eg: RADAR, SONAR, LORAN, CARE, MedEvac, YIPpie); being an acrostic, which may have originated as a mnemonic. Compare initialism.

addendum / addenda :

Anything to be added, or a list of additions. Also, an appendix to a book. See back matter. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

ad diction :

The fractured syntax and word conversions employed in slogans and catch-phrases to attract attention to products and to persuade patronage; also called "ad speak", "biz buzz", "sales lingo", "commercial speech". Among purists, the corruptions of ad diction are a perversion of proper grammar; but among devotees, they're a vital coinage of a dynamic language. Sample colloquialisms and pleonasms include: bowlarama, check-into, check-over, check-up, cheese burger, close-down, colorwise, continue-on, fade-away, fade-out, flavorwise, fold-up, foodarama, framed-up, head-up, hide-out, jobwise, lose-out, love-in, motorcade, newscast, newswise, no-show, saleswise, scoutorama, showed-up, sit-in, smellorama, talkathon, telethon, up-until, walkathon, win-out, workathon, wraps it up. See puffery, balderdash, pap, vernacular, flackery, advertising.

additive color :

Color produced by light falling onto a surface. The additive primary colors are red, green, and blue. Compare subtractive color, subtractive primary colors; see illustration. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

advance :

The furnishing of some payment or goods before an equivalent is received, as an advance on royalties, which will be amortized and is recoupable; see escalation, royalty, production advance, grant. Also, a press release, publicity, or news copy prepared before the event it describes has occurred. Also, anything made, given, or issued ahead of time, as an advance payment or an advance copy (qv).

advance copies :

The first pressrun copies of a new book or magazine sent to the preferred clients of the publisher, to production staff, to content contributors, and other select persons before regular distribution. See samples.

advance order :

Quantity reserved by publisher for wholesalers and retailers prior to production, based upon advertising of reviews; also known as "lay-down" or "pre-publication order".

advertising :

The practice of offering goods or services to the public through paid announcements in the media; which act of mercantile sponsorship supports the commercial publishing of periodicals and other broadcasts. Advertising revenue constitutes less than half the income for the average periodical. To be effective, ads must be noticed [nb: the average American is exposed to approximately 3,000 commercials each day in all media], which makes them inherently irritating. Advertising dicta opts for "more" and "sooner", rather than "just right" and "later". Ads are formulated to: attract Attention, build Interest, create Desire, compel Action (AIDA). Advertising effectiveness is often expressed as a sexual metaphor: "It's not size, but frequency and location that matters most."! References include: "Standard Directory of Advertisers", "Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies" (The Red Book), "Business Publication Advertising Source", "Standard Rate and Data Directory" (SRDS), "Newspaper Advertising Source". The American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA) is a membership organization with voluntary conformity to a code of rules and procedures. See echo effect, word of mouth, card, fractional ad, tombstone, island ad, RDA, column inch, double spread, center spread, cover positions, double pyramid, rollout, bill, broadside, poster, one sheet, fly sheet, handbill, collateral, audit, tear sheet, ballyhoo, puffery, make good, reader profile, CPM, jingle, PSA, ad diction, propaganda, disinformation, advertorial, infomercial, pop-up, adware, colophon. [nb: specimen advertising magazines: "Ad Week" and "Advertising Age"; specimen no-ad magazines: "Consumer Reports" and "Ad Busters"] [nb: huckstering was reversed during WWII to embrace patriotic anti-consumerism with specialized advertising, as the slogan: "Use it up. Wear it out. Make it do, or do without!"]

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advertising linage :

The number of advertising pages carried by a magazine in any given period, usually includes a perspective on advertising space compared to editorial content, expressed as a ratio or percentage.

advertising specialties :

Items emblazoned with advertising, such as calendars, coffee cups, hats, matchbooks, and pencils. See premium; compare collateral.

advertorial :

A newspaper or magazine advertisement that promotes the sponsor's product in the guise of objective analysis or public information; derived as a blend of advertisement and editorial. To qualify for publication postal permits, advertisements must not appear to be editorial matter, and any ad presentation that may be confused with general interest copy must be labeled. See editorial well, PSA, infomercial, advertising.

adware :

A form of intrusive spyware that covertly monitors online computer use so as to display advertisements and solicitations in the web browser which are related to the user's interest; such adware (advertisement+software) is allegedly a form of tailored "junk mail" delivered electronically. Also, software that has advertising already embedded, requiring the user to "click through" pop-ups and dialog boxes before accessing the primary program or application. See cookie, pop-up, spam, sniffer.

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aesthetics / esthetics :

The branch of philosophy analyzing the theories of taste, and the study of beauty in nature and art; derived from "sensory or intuitive perception" (aisthetiks). See tour de force, masterpiece, opus, oeuvre, ars gratia artis, l'art pour l'art, golden proportion.

afflatus :

Creative inspiration or artistic revelation; derived from "emit", as to be breathed upon by divine communication. The slang expression for this sudden insight is "brain fart". See muse, aesthetics, art, artwork, videation. [v: noetic, limen]

A4 paper :

ISO paper size 210mm X 297mm used for letterheads, forms, magazines, catalogs, laser printer and copying machine output. See paper.

afterword :

A closing statement or concluding commentary at the end of a book, treatise, or other publication. Compare foreword; see back matter.

agate :

A five-point (5.142pt) type; or a typeface sized smaller than that used for news text, especially in classified advertisements (14 agate lines = 1 column inch). Compare pearl, ruby; see fractional ad, milline, linage, font, type.

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agent-sold subscriptions :

Subscriptions sold to libraries and institutions through outside agencies such as Ebsco and Faxon. On an annual basis, publishers send these agencies brief editorial descriptions plus subscription information which the agencies publish in their catalogs at no cost. Publishers can also pay for larger display ads. Librarians then purchase subscriptions through these catalogs using the agency essentially as a middleman. Many commercial magazines offer 15%-20% subscription discounts in return for the convenience of the agency's services. See subscription.

air :

White space in a layout. See apron, gutter, river.

airbrush :

A mechanical atomizer producing an adjustable spray of paint, used especially for retouching (qv) photographs and other design illustrations.

ALGOL :

A contraction of ALGOrithmic Language, being a computer language in which information is expressed in algebraic notation, and according to the rules of Boolean algebra. See Pascal, language. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

algorithm :

A set of problem-solving rules, or a finite sequence of executable steps or instructions, as designed for a computer.

alignment :

The position of text lines on a page relative to its defined margins or grid boxes; including centered, flushed, justified, columnar, and text boxes. See leading, solid leading, minus leading, kern, solid, flush, justify, feathering, ragged, straight composition, H&J, indent.

ALL CAPS :

Notation for setting all designated letters, usually a title or heading, in full capitalization; also called "Cap 'n' Cap". See CAP, LC, CAP&LC, OC, small-cap, CAP&SC, C&IC, proofreader's marks.

allocation :

Quantity of a product, such as a brand of paper, that is rationed to distributors and customers until a specified date.

allonym :

An author's assumed name; the fictitious or counterfeit name under which a writing is published, as derived "other + name". Synonymous with pen name, nom de plume, pseudonym, cognomen, anonym, alias, soi-disant, nom de guerre. See samizdatchik, ghostwriter, byline, autograph, plagiarism. [cf: innominate] (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

allusion :

A passing reference, either direct or implied, without explicit identification or explanation, to a literary passage, work, or character, or to an historical person, place, or event; used to succinctly establish mood or setting, and to concisely convey subtle meaning to the intended audience. [eg: "from pillar to post" alludes to rushing or being tossed from one thing to another (cf: "hither and thither" or "badgered and bothered"), and may derive from architecture, horse racing, tennis, or punishment (from pillory to whipping post)]

alphabet :

Any system of letters or symbols used for writing, which represents speech sounds or language; implicitly entails phoneme, allomorph, syllable, homonym / homograph / homophone, heteronym, doublet, orthoepy, paragoge, apheresis, prothesis, syncope, metathesis, sandhi, haplology, spoonerism, anagram, acrostic, abecedari. See digraph, ligature, logo, diacritic, morpheme, syllabary, elision, punctuation, syntax, vowel, parse, pidgin, type, typology, font, rune, orthography, oxymoron, neologism, dictionary, semantics, semiotics, lexigram, pictography, ideogram, language, rhetorical forms. The earliest dated written material is c4236BC from Egypt. Sumerian pictography ca3500BC became Mesopotamian cuneiform ("wedge shaped") writing, as used by the ancient Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and others. The simple Greek alphabet (16 letters by Cadmus, and 4 letters by Palamedes) was introduced from Phoenicia. Alphabets independently invented elsewhere, as Egyptian hieroglyphics ca3,000BC, Minoan Linear-A / Mycenean Linear-B ca1200BC, Indus Valley script (at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa) ca3,000-2,400BC, Chinese (ideogram) seal script ca1,500BC, Mayan script caAD50, Ogham (Irish Ogam/Ogum) alphabetic script caAD400-1000, Irish Gaelic caAD1175, Aztec Kipu script caAD1400. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

alpha test :

The experimental testing of an early version of a software product, that may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, to discover programming errors and conflicts. Typically, developmental software testing is two tiered prior to completion. The first stage, called alpha testing, is often performed only by users within the organization developing the software. The second stage, called beta testing , generally involves a limited number of external users. Compare beta test, vaporware; see bug, glitch, patch, kludge, debug, tweak.

alt tag :

An alternative HTML attribute that displays the stipulated data, which may be nested or sequenced. Compare title tag; see tag, markup, validation.

amanuensis :

A person employed to transcribe what another person has dictated or written; also known as scribe, scrivener, copyist, secretary. Compare ghostwriter; see writer.

ampersand :

A character or symbol (&) for 'and'; a literal contraction of "and per se and" (the symbol of 'and' by itself stands for 'and'). See notation, punctuation. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

anachronism :

To make a wrong time reference in which a person, object, or event is situated out of correct sequence or proper context, most often as an error rather than a literary device. See factoid, poetic license.

analects / analecta :

Passages or pieces selected from the writings of an author or from different authors, as excerpts, abridgements, or condensations; derived from "to gather". See compilation, digest, truncation, ellipsis, bite, snippet.

analog / analogue :

Something having analogy or being analogous to something else, as pertaining to the measurement of continuously variable data by readout displays having incremental slides or dials, instead of numerical digits. Analog computing represents data in continuously variable physical quantities, in contrast to the digital representation of data in discrete units (the binary digits 1 and 0). The digital to analog converter (DAC) is an electronic circuit that converts digital information (eg: from CD or CD-ROM) into analog information (eg: sound / audio signals). The digital to analog conversion translates digital information (1s and 0s) into analog information (eg: sound waves). An analog signal is converted to digital by sampling at regular intervals; the more frequent the samples and the more data recorded, the more closely the digital depiction represents the analog signal. Converting analog signals into digital makes it possible to preserve the data indefinitely and make many copies without qualitative deterioration. See bit, byte, quantum.

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

anchor :

To fix a graphical object in desktop publishing so that its position, relative to some other object, remains the same during editing or repagination. Also, a significant literary work or an appealing image that's been strategically positioned to draw readers into the publication; see violin piece, feature.

anchor tag :

The HTML attributed tag specifying a link to another location, either on the same or a different document. The anchor tag uses embedded hypertext reference patterns: <A HREF="URL">click</A>; <A HREF="URL#string">click</A>; <A NAME="string">text or image</A>; <A HREF="webpage"><IMG SRC="file">next page</A>; <A HREF="URL" TARGET="_top">go there</A>. See URL, internet address, tag, markup.

animation :

Simulating lifelike movement in images or objects; derived from "give life". Animations can be created with graphics programs, but must then be assembled with construction software specific to the format. See morph, Flash, GIF, SVG, transparent palette, flipbook, cartoon, joystick, kiosk, illustration. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 EnglishCN.com)

anodized plate :

An electrolytically-coated offset printing plate, so treated as to reduce wear during printing.

anonymous FTP :

The feature of File Transfer Protocol (FTP) software that lets anyone without an account on a host computer log-on using the user identification "anonymous". See FTP, HTTP, TELNET.

ANSI :

The abbreviation for the American National Standards Institute; formerly known as the American standards Association (ASA). See ISO, ASCII.

anthology :

A collection of selected works, often in the same literary form, of the same period, or on the same subject; derived from "gathering of flowers". Also called "album". See compilation.

anticlimax :

An event, statement, conclusion, or resolution that is far less significant, powerful, or striking than expected; a weak, inglorious, or disappointing conclusion. Also, a noticeable decline or a ludicrous descent in power, quality, or dignity, from lofty ideas or expressions to banalities or commonplace remarks. Compare climax; see deus ex machina, kicker, drama, media event. [v: bathos] (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

antihero :

The protagonist or central character of drama and literature (qqv) who lacks ennobling qualities and traditional virtues.

anti-offset powder :

Fine powder lightly sprayed over the printed surface of coated paper as sheets leave a press. See pounce.

antique finish :

Roughest finish offered on offset paper. See paper coating.

apex / apexes / apices :

The upper junction point in oblique character stems, the meeting of which is less than perpendicular, as in letters A / M / N / W. See font, type, typeface, typography.

API :

The abbreviation for Application Program Interface (or Application Programming Interface). An interface between the operating system and application programs, which includes the way the application programs communicate with the operating system, and the services the operating system makes available to the programs.

apodosis :

The clause expressing the consequence or conclusion in a conditional sentence; derived from "returning", give back. Compare protasis; see rhetorical forms.

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apostrophe :

The sign (') used to indicate the omission of one or more letters in a word (whether pronounced or unpronounced), to indicate the possessive case, or to indicate plurals of abbreviations and symbols, which being an eliding mark derived from "turn away"; see swung dash, elision, punctuation, compare quotation marks. Also, a digression in the form of an address to someone not present, or to a personified object or idea; see strophe, soliloquy, verse.

appendix / appendices :

Any supplementary material at the end of a text; derived from "appendage". See back matter, reference marks. end sign.

application :

Computer program used for specific tasks such as word processing, page layout, or editing photographs.

appositive :

The addition or application of a word or phrase to another, such that these usually consecutive expressions bear the same grammatical relation and referent; an adjunct word or phrase used to qualify or explain the preceding expression. See phrase, parts of speech. (来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

appropriation :

The unauthorized use of private or proprietary property, as to expropriate; derived from "to make one's own". See plagiarism, fair use. Also, to set apart for a specific purpose or use, as a budget (qv) allocation. See sweat equity, marketing plan.

apron :

Additional white space allocated in the margins of text and illustrations when forming a foldout. See white space, margin.

aqueous coating :

Coating in a water base and applied like ink by a printing press to protect and enhance the printing underneath.

archive :

Cache of documents and files saved for possible use in any subsequent design or print jobs; also called "legacy".

argus :

Any observant person or vigilant guardian, such as a meticulous editor. In both senses of the word (ie: a giant with a thousand eyes, a brilliantly marked peacock), an editor is either a writer's best asset, or merely another obstructive pettifogger. When done properly, editing will be invisible, and the editorial staff anonymous. Publishers and writers both owe deserving proofreaders and copyeditors an "Argus Award" for excellence! (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

array :

An ordered arrangement of data elements in one or more dimensions: a list, a table, or a multidimensional arrangement of items. A vector is a one-dimensional array; a matrix is a two-dimensional array. Multidimensional arrays are used to store tables of data, especially in scientific simulation and mathematical processing. Data items in an array are distinguished by subscripts.

arrow keys :

The keys on the keyboard that are used to move the cursor in the indicated directions (up, down, left, right), and may have other uses in combination with other keys; sometimes called "cursor keys" or "cursor cross". See cursor.

ars gratia artis :

Latin slogan: art for art's sake, or art for its own sake. The artwork in publishing must convey some message, from evoking mood to augmenting text, in justification of its expensive presence. See l'art pour l'art; compare tour de force, masterpiece, aesthetics. [v: aestheticism] (来源：英语分类信息 http://fl.englishcn.com)

art :

Everything except textual copy, including styles, images, ornaments, in either radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, or asymmetry. See graphics, illustration, clipart, design, font, afflatus, aesthetics, stylish; compare artwork.

art board :

The pre-press layout backing for graphics and type; also known as "paste-up" onto pasteboard. See mechanical, artwork; compare storyboard. [cf: tablature: to mark or score on a board]

art director :

The person responsible for the selection, development, and production of all illustrative and stylistic aspects of a publication, including graphic arts and advertisements, which set the tone and mood for the reader; also called "art editor", as derived from former periodical 'art buyer'. As a visual interpreter, the art director arranges convertible design elements to represent or supplement the textual component. Compare editor.

artifact :

Anything made by humans that's intended for later or repeated use; see semiotics, glyph, ideogram, logogram, alphabet, word, lexigram, syntax, literature, scroll, banderole, incunabula, codex, manuscript, book, periodical. Also, any fragment or remnant of a man-made object belonging to an earlier era [v: archaeology, anthropology, ethnology]. Also, an artificial substance or structure; an unnatural feature. Also, a spurious observation or anomalous result.

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art paper :

A smooth paper, obtained by coating one or both sides of the paper with a China clay compound. See book paper, paper, paper coating.

artwork :

The elements that constitute a mechanical (qv) paste-up, as type, proofs, and illustrations. See job order; compare art.

ascender :

The part of a lowercase letter, such as b / d / f / h / k, that rises above x-height (qv). See minuscule, baseline, typeface, font, body size, demon letters.

ASCII :

The abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange; being the worldwide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper- and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, punctuation, and related data. Each alphanumeric character is represented as a number from 0 to 127, translated into a 7-bit binary code for the computer. ASCII is used by most computers and printers, and because of this, text-only files can be easily transferred between different kinds of computers. ASCII code also includes some control code characters to indicate backspace, line feed, and carriage return, but does not include accents and special letters not used in English. A plain-text ASCII file does not include style formatting such as bold, underline, Italics characters, or centered text. Some ASCII files contain program source code, scripts, or macros written as text. Extended ASCII has additional characters (128-255). Extended ASCII symbols may include foreign language accents, ligatures, math or graphics symbols, and so forth, but are not universal. The ANSI set of extended characters in DOS and Windows is non-standard, and Macintosh allows users to personalize the higher-ASCII definitions. Legitimate filename extensions for ASCII text include: *.TXT, *.ASC, *.DOC. See EBCDIC, Unicode, ANSI, ISO.

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ASCII art :

The drawing of pictures and designs on a computer, using only ASCII alphanumeric characters. Using the HTML <PRE> tag, ASCII art can be displayed in text-based media on the web, as an alternative to graphical browsers, where other images cannot be shown. Many e-mail signatures include an ASCII art image. Compare emoticon; see illustration.

A sizes :

ISO paper sizes for standard trim sizes on products that don't involve bleeds or trimming outside the edges. See paper.

ASP :

The abbreviation for Active Server Page, being a specification (*.ASP) for a dynamically created webpage that utilizes ActiveX scripting (usually VBscript or Jscript code). When a browser requests an ASP page, the web server generates a page with HTML code and sends it back to the browser. Active Server Pages are similar to CGI scripts, but they permit Visual Basic programmers to work with familiar Microsoft tools. See Cold Fusion, web server. Also, the abbreviation for Application Service Provider. Also, the abbreviation for Association of Shareware Professionals, a trade group for shareware authors, who submit programs for virus checking and CD-ROM distribution.

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aspect ratio :

The ratio of width to height of a glyph, image, or object. See hint, proportional font, font, typography, typeface.

assisted self-publishing :

An author, wishing to retain copyright and maintain editorial control of their manuscript, may hire a commercial assisted self-publishing house to provide professional services throughout any part of the publishing process. See publishing house, subsidy publisher, self-publishing, vanity press.

asterisk :

A small starlike symbol (*) used in writing and printing as a reference mark (qv), or to indicate omission, ungrammatical usage, doubtful matter, or the like; see ellipsis, notation, end sign. Also, a parameter representing a search string or filename, also called "star" or "splat"; see wildcard.

athenaeum :

An institution for the promotion of literary or scientific learning, which often maintains a free-access reading room or library. See renaissance, enlightenment, literature.

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ATM :

The abbreviation for Adobe Type Manager, being a font utility for Macintosh and Windows platforms that enables a computer to print PostScript fonts and show PostScript screen fonts; see Display PostScript, EPS, font. Also, the abbreviation for Asynchronous Transfer Mode, and referred to as BISDN and Cell Relay, being the SONET standard for a high-bandwidth, low-delay, connection-oriented, packet-like switching and multiplexing technique that uses cells of fixed length (53-byte cells, 5-byte header and 48-byte payload) that are switched throughout a network over virtual circuits. Standardized by the ITU-T in 1988 to create a Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). Its ability to accommodate multiple types of media (voice, video, data) and high-speed makes it a likely player for full service networks based on ADSL and VDSL. Because of the architecture, ATM has the capability to run from 45 Mbps using a DS3 to 2.5 Gbps using an OC-48. Also, used as chatroom or instant messaging shorthand meaning "At The Moment".

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at sign :

A symbol (@) used to mean 'at' or 'at such' in commercial and scientific notation, with limited application in regular text; see notation. Also, a coding sign in computer software; see MIME, internet address, language. Possible derivation from a ligature of Latin 'ad' meaning "to", or the sign for Florentine "amphora", based on trade with these standardized terracotta jars as a unit of weight or volume; also known as "at mark", "at character", "commercial at symbol"; and various agnomens as vortex, whorl, whirlpool, cyclone, twiddle, a-twist, ear, arabesque, curl, snail, worm, monkey tail, elephant trunk, strudel, cinnamon roll, rollmop.

attic :

An enlarged top margin, being white space without header or headpiece. See margin, apron, white space; compare sinkage, horizon line, basement, skyline.

atticism :

Concise and elegant expression, diction, or the like; derived from Attic Greek being the stylistic basis for other dialects or languages [cf: solecism]. See diction, eloquence, elocution, euphemism, rhetorical forms, language. (来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

attribute :

Designates the properties or status of qualified data by assigning a type identifier with one or more values. Attributes can make programs "read only", directories "archive", system files "hidden", or user files "no copy". May be used as a modifier within a tag, as <TAG ATTRIB="X">.

audience :

The persons reached by distribution of a book or magazine, by a radio or television broadcast; a regular public manifesting interest and support for such media, including readers, subscribers, clients, and advertisers. About 88% of Americans purchase one or more publications each month. The best market research is a reader survey. See universe, newsstand, subscription, reader profile, tracking, pass-along, audit, sell-through rate, circulation, mass market, crossover market, niche market.

audit :

An examination of circulation data by an impartial accountant, that verifies distribution and subscription reports from the publisher, as an assurance of audience for advertisers, as so noted in the masthead. Audits are usually performed to warrant higher advertising rates for newsstand periodicals. A "visitor counter" operated by the server, which may also sample periodicity and other statistical factors, will serve as an audit for online e-mag publications.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

autograph :

To write one's name in, on, or upon something, especially to sign as a memento; see show-off, signet, logo, brand, indicia. Also, something written in a person's own hand, as a manuscript or letter (qv); see manuscript, script, cursive, paraph.

- B -

backbone :

The primary connectivity mechanism of a hierarchical distributed system. All systems that have connectivity to an intermediate system on the backbone are assured of connectivity to each other. This does not prevent systems from setting up private arrangements with each other to bypass the backbone for reasons of cost, performance, or security. It's a high-speed network that connects several powerful computers. In the U.S., the backbone of the Internet is often considered the SFNet, a government funded link between a handful of supercomputer sites across the nation. See multicast backbone, I2, website, internet.

(来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

back formation :

The analogical creation of one word from another word that appears to be a derived or inflected form of the first by dropping the apparent affix or by modification (eg: typewrite, enthuse, kudo, sightsee, sleaze); as distinguished from 'retronym', being formed to identify a former type or class which has since been subcategorized or reclassified (eg: rotary telephone, electric torch, automatic transmission, male nurse). See word, vocabulary, language.

background :

The perceived foundation for depictions of foreground objects and forms; see wallpaper, tessellate, template, overprint, transparent palette. Also, multitasking computers are capable of executing several tasks, or programs, at the same time. In some multitasking systems, the process of primary activity is called the foreground process, and the others are called background processes. The foreground process is the one that accepts input from the keyboard, mouse, or other input device. Background processes cannot accept interactive input from a user, but they can access disk data, up- or download stored data, print ("print spooling") or disseminate documents, and write data to the video display. Background processes generally have a lower priority than foreground processes so that they do not interfere with interactive applications. Even MS-DOS, which is not a multitasking operating system, can perform some specialized tasks, such as printing, in the background. Operating environments, such as Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, provide a more general multitasking environment. See multitasking, TSR, shell, hot-key.

(来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

backhand :

Letters angled left, or slanted the opposite of Italics (ITAL) characters; also called "backslant".

backing :

In binding, the process of applying glue to the rounded back of a book prior to affixing a strip of gauzy fabric (ie: crash or super), and followed by a strip of brown-paper liner, before casing-in; also called "back-lining". Mesh and paper backings reinforce the glue, and holds the sewn sections together firmly. Crash may be applied to inexpensive editions without liner, or vice versa. See binding.

back issue :

Any issue of a periodical published prior to the current issue, usually shelved separately in bound volumes or converted to microform (qv); also called "back number". See volume number, periodical.

backlist :

Books published previous to the current season that are still in print. Some backlist books continue to sell in significant numbers years after publication, such as books that are used in classrooms. Others may sit in a warehouse for years, only to start selling again when the writer's reputation grows. And yet others sit in a warehouse until remaindered, sold to the author at/or below cost, or are recycled, or pulped. Many independent publishers have a commitment to keeping their books in print, while commercial publishers pulp books as a regular practice. Traditionally, the strength of a publisher's backlist is the indicator of both editorial and commercial success. The backlist records how well a press has developed a coherent program and philosophy for presenting books and authors to the public cumulatively, and it functions also as a descriptive publishing history of that press. In the past, the backlist served almost as an endowment for a publisher and signing an author was seen as a longterm investment. Today, commercial publishing is putting books out of print at a very fast rate, and their former backlists are often a rich source for independent publishers's rediscoveries of high quality books to reprint. With the advent of e-books and print-on-demand, this editorial strategy may no longer be an option for independent publishers. See frontlist, midlist, deadlist, out of print.

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

back matter :

Printed ancillary material, positioned at the back of a book, after the body copy, including addendum, appendix, epilogue, envoy, coda, afterword, eulogy, colophon, bibliography, endnote, glossary, index, and other related material. See end sign, pagination, concordance, erratum, corrigenda; compare front matter.

backslash :

A short oblique stroke (\) used in the path of some computer operating systems to mark the hierarchical division between a directory and a subdirectory; as introduced by MS-DOS version 2 as differentiation from switches. See slash, path, parameter, filename, pipe, internet address.

backtrack :

The back-to-back joining of two pages, printed or embossed only on their face, in order to form a single double-sided sheet; see duplex paper, paper. Also, a stochastic search performed by a computer's troubleshooting subroutine.

backup :

Printing on one side of a page that must align correctly with printing on the other side. See page spread. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

balance :

The design principle, achieved through the placement of type and graphic elements, that one side of a layout must be given weight equal to the other. See layout, contrast, sequence.

balderdash :

Nonsense writing; senseless or exaggerated talk, as similar to piffle, twaddle, blather, drivel, humbug, flummery, gibberish, inanity, gobbledygook, rigmarole, flapdoodle. See euphemism, puffery, pap, ad diction, pleonasm, boilerplate, vernacular, screed, sleazy, prolixity, Greek type, rhetorical forms, language. [nb: "Jabberwocky", a poem in the book "Through the Looking Glass" by Louis Carroll (1871), coined this term for senseless or nonsense writing] [v: amphigory; cf: billingsgate, hieratic]

balloon :

A bubble of text or encircled copy in an illustration, used especially in cartoons. See caption.

ballpoint :

A pen in which the penpoint is a fine ball bearing that rotates against a supply of semisolid ink in a cartridge; also called "ballpoint pen", and sometimes known as "biro", as a generic extension of the trademarked brandname. See pen, writing instrument. [nb: In 1888, John Loud patented the idea for a rolling ball-bearing tip that dispensed ink from a reservoir by gravity that would be used for marking leather. None of the hundreds of subsequent ballpoint pen patents were successful until the 1935 prototypes by Hungarians Ladislas and Georg Biro; who patented a functional version during June 1943 in Paris that was used by WW2 Allied aircrews. In 1944, the Biro ballpoint was improved with "capillary action" ink flow and a textured ball-bearing for smoother application. Biro ballpoint manufacturing rights were acquired by Eberhard Faber Company and Eversharp Company; but Milton Reynolds copied the Biro ballpoint for successful marketing through "Gimbels" department store in 1945. A French manufacturer of penholders and pen cases, named Marcel Bich, paid Biro a patent royalty and analyzed competing pens. In 1952, the "Ballpoint Bic" (also barrel marked "Biro") was introduced as a better pen at a lower price with substantial advertising by Bich. An independent effort by Patrick J. Frawley Jr, with an improved ink formula from Fran Seech, founded the Frawley Pen Company in 1949 to produce the "PaperMate" ballpoint pen. By the following year, Frawley innovated the "PaperMate" with a retractable penpoint and non-smearing ink.] (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

ballyhoo :

Blatant and insistent advertising or publicity, as vigorous hawking; a brouhaha, hullabaloo, clamor, hue, outcry, turmoil, or tumult. See advertising, puffery, pap, news; compare crier, balderdash.

band :

A line or separation in the presentation of an image; see drop out. Also, a strip or stripe of color; see illustration. Also, a track or channel, as audio segment or computer memory.

banderole / banderol :

A narrow scroll (qv), usually bearing an inscription. See cartouche, artifact.

bandwidth :

The amount of data that can be sent through a network connection, which is typically expressed in terms of the network speed (eg: 1 Mbps / 1 megabit-per-second). A greater bandwidth indicates the ability to transmit a greater amount of data over a given period of time. When several devices divide the network's data transmission capacity, the resultant "shared bandwidth" speed availability is reduced by the number of devices actively using the network. The logical entities that control the flow of multimedia packets between endpoints are called "bandwidth gates". Also, the range of transmission frequencies a network can use, which is expressed as the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies (ie: Hertz or cycles per second) of a transmission channel. See web server, virtual server, website, internet.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语学习门户 EnglishCN.com)

bang :

Printer's, compositor's, and computer programmer's slang for the exclamation point (qv). See interrobang, tittle.

bank :

A lightweight writing paper. See paper.

banner :

A large bold-faced headline, often placed near the top of the page. Also, a prominent band, bar, or streamer of advertising copy. See streamer, screamer, broadside, leaflet, handbill, black space, puffery, copywriter; compare RDA.

barbarian :

A person belonging to a culture different from one's own, usually regarded as primitive or uncivilized due to their ignorance of or nonconformity with classical standards; any outsider or non-native, especially a philistine. Derived from the discordant sound of foreign languages, originally non-Greek and later non-Roman. [v: heathen, jingoism, xenophobia]

bar code / barcode :

A series of contiguous lines, varying in height (as postal codes) or in width (as in product codes), for scanning by optical character readers, with applications to price, inventory, stock or part identification. See coding, UPC, EAN Bookland bar code, EPC, smart tag.

(来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

base artwork :

Artwork requiring additional components, such as halftones or line drawings, before the reproduction stage.

baseline :

The reference line upon which x-height and capital letters sit, and below which descenders fall. See cap line, mean line, x-line, x-height, ascender, descender, body size, expanded type, set size, font, typeface, baseline lock. Also, a basic standard or specific value serving as a comparison or control.

baseline lock :

Consistent typographic alignment of all body copy (eg: column, caption, call-out, text box, heading, etc) to the same baseline (qv), regardless of font, point size, or leading; also called "locked to baseline". A baseline lock ties the text to the grid structure, but does not affect illustrations.

basement :

The lower portion or bottom half of the sheet on the front-page of a newspaper (qv); being the area "below the fold" reserved for less important stories. See foot, attic.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

BASIC :

The abbreviation for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, being a high-level programming language that uses English words, punctuation marks, and algebraic notation. See language.

basic size :

The standard size of sheets of paper used to calculate basis weight (qv) in the U.S. and Canada, irrespective of the wide variety of commercial sizes produced for different types. The standardized basic size of bond/writing paper is 17" X 22", of text/book paper is 25" X 38", of cover stock is 20" X 26", and of Bristol board is 22.5" X 28.5". Compare ISO sizes; see CWT, paper.

basis weight :

In the U.S. and Canada, the weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to the basic size (qv) [eg: 20# bond = 60# offset]; also called the "ream weight" and "substance weight" (sub wt). In countries using ISO paper sizes, the weight, in grams, of one square meter of paper; also called grammage and "ream weight". See CWT, paper.

(来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

batch file :

A computer text subroutine that contains operating system commands and parameters for sequential execution; also called "batch program" or "batch processing". Keyword such as CALL and SET, IF and GOTO, PAUSE and CHOICE, FOR and ECHO, supplement the commands, switches, and parameters. Despite the fact that their file extensions make them discrete, a microprocessor (eg: command.com) will always run a [SAME].COM file before a [SAME].EXE file, and both before a [SAME].BAT file; so a batch file with a name already used by another executable file will never run, regardless of its contents. See script, macro.

bathos :

An anticlimax, as insincere sentimentality, or a ludicrous descent from the exalted or lofty to the commonplace. Also, triteness or triviality in style; derived "depth". Compare pathos; see melodrama, comedy, revue, drama.

baud rate :

The unit of measure representing the speed of signaling or data transfer, equal to the number of pulses or bits per second, also called "baud"; eponymous derivation after J.M.E. Baudot. See modem. (来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

BBS :

The abbreviation for Bulletin Board System, being a computer system equipped with one or more modems that serves as an information and message-passing center for dial-up users. See kiosk, forum, newsgroup, UseNet, honeypot, banner.

bed :

The flat surface in a printing press on which the form of type is laid; compare platen, see press. Also, a foundation, base, underlayment, or fundamental.

belles-lettres :

Literature that is polished, elegant, and often inconsequential in subject or scope. [v: belletristic, billet-doux]

Ben Day / benday :

An eponymous technique used in photoengraving to produce shading, texture, or tone by means of a patterned screen. See illustration. [cf: Zipatone]

benefactor :

A person who makes a bequest or endowment, as to an institution or non-profit organization; a philanthropic patron of the arts who funds, wholly or in part, some literary magazines and small presses. Also known as a "sponsor" or "backer". See business angel, white knight, grant, venture capital, entrepreneurship, budget. (来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

bento storage / bento container :

A data storage and specification method developed by Apple Computer in 1993 for the efficient grouping of several types of data (eg: audio-video, database, graphics, publication, text) on a related topic into a single resource capsule or container, which can be moved as a unit. The term refers to a compartmentalized lunchbox (Japanese "bento"). See RAM, ROM, flash memory.

Benton pantograph :

A mechanical tracing device developed by Morris Fuller Benton which could modify a letterform design for optical scaling considerations. Many different adjustments on various design parameters (ie: stroke width, x-height, advance width, ascender height, cap height, etc) could be automatically "dialed in" during the tracing procedure. See pantograph, hint.

BeOS :

The Be Operating System was designed by Jean-Louis Gasse of Be Incorporated for interface with Intel Pentium and PowerPC chips in microcomputers. The operating system has complete multithreading, a 64-bit file system, object-oriented design, native internet appliance (BeIA) services, and Unicode-compliancy. BeOS is the first new operating system with a graphical user interface (GUI) design since 1986; and it is currently the only operating system with a graphical user interface which can run on both Intel/IBM PC-compatible and Macintosh hardware. Be Inc. was purchased in mid-2001 by Palm Computing, the pioneering manufacturer of handheld Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) products. See program, software. (来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

bestseller :

A book that, among those of its class, sells very well at any given time, as any impressive or influential work with popular appeal and financial success; also called "blockbuster". See instant book, book. [nb: "The worth of a book is to be measured by what you can carry away from it." by James Bryce]

beta test :

The final test of a computer product prior to commercial release. The beta version is normally sent to test sites outside the company for real-world exposure. After debugging the beta test results, the final product will be manufactured and released to the general public. Compare alpha test, vaporware; see patch, glitch, kludge, debug, tweak.

Bezier curve / B倆ier curve :

A mathematically formulated curve made from a line that is set-up to connect two anchor or end-points, with the line shape influenced by the torquing of intermediate tangent or control points. In computer drawing programs, curves are made by moving on-screen "handles" to adjust the curve's shape. A Bezier curve so formed will automatically scale proportionately. The similarity of this process to a mechanical spline warrants it also being called "Bezier spline"; eponymous derivation after French mathematician Pierre B倆ier. See vector graphics. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

BF :

Abbreviation for "set in boldface type"; see proofreader's marks. [nb: the SGML "bold" tag was replaced in HTML by "strong"]

bible paper :

Very thin, opaque paper used for products such as bibles and dictionaries; also called "India paper". See paper.

bibliography :

A complete or selective list of works compiled upon some common principle, as authorship, subject, or printer. Also, a list of source materials that are used or consulted in the preparation of a work, or that are referred to in the text. Also, the discipline that deals with the physical description, comparison, and classification of books and other printed matter. See book categorization, back matter, reference marks.

bibliopole :

A bookseller, especially a dealer in used or rare books, with a bibliophilic, bibliomaniacal, and bibliolatristic clientele; also called "bibliopolist", as derived from "book + agent". (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

bildungsroman :

A novel dealing with the education and development of its protagonist; see literature.

bill :

A written or printed public notice or advertisement; see handbill, leaflet, fly sheet, broadside, poster, advertising. Also, any written statement of particulars, as of legislation, transactions, or the like. Also, the program or schedule of an entertainment or production to be presented, as a "playbill" or other menu.

BIND :

Acronym for Berkeley Internet Name Daemon; being an open-source domain name server conversion. See DNS, domain name.

bindery :

A place where printed matter is bound; a binding shop, bibliopegy. See bookbindery, trim, finish, post-press.

bind-in :

An attachment or enclosure, as a supplement or advertisement, that is secured into the publication's binding, usually for later removal; also called "stitch-in". See blow-in card.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

binding :

The method and/or mechanism by which the contents and covers of a publication are stabilized and secured; see quarter binding, half binding, three-quarter binding, perfect binding, burst binding, lay-flat bind, spiral-bound, coil binding, comb binding, paperback, case binding, hardcover, split edition, saddle-stitch binding, side-stitch binding, screw-and-post bind, fan, selective binding, spine, headband, guard, backing, crash; compare quire, gather, imposition, nested, fold lines, signature, sheet, flyleaf, loose-leaf, end sheet, endpaper, tip, fascicle, overhang, cut flush, cover paper, accordian-fold, concertina-fold, boustrophedon, jacket, volume, trade edition, cameo binding, treasure binding, bindery, bookbindery, nipping, bookbinder's press.

binding edge :

The inside edge of the magazine page, containing the fold and the stitches.

bit :

A single, basic unit of computer information, valued at either 0 or 1, to signal binary alternatives; as derived from "binary + digit". Compare pixel, analog, quantum; see byte. (来源：英语聊天室 http://chat.EnglishCN.com)

bitbucket / bit-bucket :

Alliterative slang for the hypothetical location where software is discarded, as a trash can or recycle bin; also called "digital disposal". See boneyard, waste. [nb: "dump" as a data download or place of storage is an inappropriate substitute for this reference]

bite :

A short excerpt, fragment, clip, or bit; as a visual bite from film, or word bites from poems. Compare sound-bite; see ear, snippet, blurb, squib, filler, paragraph, call-out, box, sidebar, epigraph, contents. Also, the amount of margin or border required for a gripper edge (qv).

bitload / bit load :

The delay or confinement of data download, as a bandwidth bottleneck on the "worldwide wait", usually caused by excessive file size and superfluous graphics. Ordinary webpages should be no larger than 150KB, and no single image larger than 50KB. The use of partitions and thumbnails will alleviate transfer overloading. See website. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

bitmap / bit-map :

Computer image consisting of pixels or halftone dots. See bitmap graphics.

bitmap graphics / bit-map graphics :

A way of displaying images on a computer screen in which each picture is represented as an array of little squares called pixels. Each pixel is stored in a specific location in memory, and corresponds to one or more bits. The number of bits per pixel determines the number of colors or shades of gray that can be displayed. Bitmap graphics can be created and edited in paint programs or photo editing programs, and can be stored in a number of file formats. Depending on file format, bitmap graphics can sometimes be imported into word processing, page layout, or spreadsheet programs, or incorporated in World Wide Web pages. Bitmapped graphics are not compressed for storage, and are the same as raster format. The bitmap graphics format was developed by Microsoft. See vector graphics, graphics, illustration.

black letter :

A heavy-faced type, in a style like that of the earliest printed books, and of early European hand lettering; also called text and Gothic. See typeface.

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

black patch :

Material used to mask the window area on a negative image of the artwork prior to stripping-in a halftone. See illustration.

black point :

Reference point, defining the darkest area in an image. See illustration; compare white point.

black space :

The designation for rules and borders, banners and headings, regardless of ink color or decorative density; also called "black matter". Compare white space, gray space; see fillet, tool line, ornament.

blad :

An advanced book information promotional, which usually includes the book's cover, the jacket flap copy, the table of contents, the book's specifications, the book's publication date, with some sample pages placed inside the cover. These are excellent promotional previews for expensive four-color books, and can be sent well ahead of distribution. See advance, press kit.

blade :

A straight edge used for applying or spreading ink during screen printing; see squeegee, serigraphy. Also, a cutting edge used to divide sheets and trim pages; see guillotine cutter.

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

blade coating :

Method of coating paper that ensures a relatively thick covering and level surface, as compared to film coating; also called "knife coating". Gloss, dull, and matte papers are blade coated. See paper coating.

blank :

Blank pages, as unmarked by printing; see flyleaf. Also, to stamp, press, punch, or cut out of flat stock, as with a die; see emboss.

blanket :

Rubber-coated pad, mounted on a cylinder of an offset press, that receives the inked image from the plate, and transfers it to the surface to be printed by the impression cylinder. See doubling.

blanket cylinder :

The cylinder by which the inked litho plate transfers the image to the paper. The cylinder is covered with a rubber blanket (qv), which prevents contact wear of the litho plate from the paper and impression cylinder.

blanket sheet :

An oversized sheet of newsprint for broadsides and newsletters; derived from "large coverage", figuratively applied in the same manner as 'blanket proposal'. See sheet. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

blank verse :

In prosody, unrhymed verse. In English, the term usually means unrhymed iambic pentameter. In classical prosody, rhyme was not used at all; with the introduction of rhyme in the Middle Ages, blank verse disappeared. It was reintroduced in the 16th century, and in England became the standard medium of dramatic poetry, and frequently of epic poetry. Shakespeare's plays, for example, are written mostly in blank verse. Compare free verse; see verse.

bleed :

Printing that extends beyond the crop marks, or runs-off the edges of a page in one or more directions; this process requires printing on larger paper and trimming to size.

blend :

To intermingle smoothly and inseparably, as with colors. Also, a word made by putting together parts of other words (eg: motel, guesstimate, advertorial, insinuendo); compare clip, contraction, compound, glide [v: agglutination]. Also, a sequence or cluster of two or more consonant sounds within a syllable. (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

blind emboss :

A raised impression made without using ink or foil. See emboss.

block-in :

To sketch the primary motif or main areas of an image prior to the design. See line drawing, scamp, sketch, thumbnail.

block print :

A design printed by means of one or more blocks of wood or metal; also known as "woodcut" or "woodblock", but formally called xylography. Relief printing originated in Third Century China, and later evolved into movable type in both China and Korea. See chiaroscuro, scratchboard, foundry type, hot type, letterpress.

blog :

An online diary or journal, usually on a limited subject (eg: quotes, technology, diet, lifestyle, politics, war, etc) with contributed e-mails and related links; also known as "weblog", as derived from "web+log". Originating with the "What's New?" section of Mosaic, now includes "Gardian Unlimited", "Drudge Report", "Radio UserLand", and others. "Bloggers" contribute to the "blogisphere" by "blogging" ... an informal and ephemeral knowledge management database. Although some blogs are autonomous domains, the typical blog is a publicly-accessible webpage on a host net. Compare chatroom, instant messaging, webcast, zine, thread, UseNet, newsgroup, forum.

(来源：英语博客 http://space.englishcn.com)

blow-in cards :

Subscription devices, usually standard size postcards, which are either inserted or bound into a magazine. The card/envelope should have a business reply mechanism and should allow individuals to charge-or be billed for-the subscription. Magazines that do not have the capacity to invoice should select envelopes which allow for the easy return of personal checks. Blow-ins/bind-ins are used predominantly to convert single-copy buyers into subscribers, since a subscription list is a better predictor of quantity; but promotional sales often have very low renewal rates. Although the rate of return is very low for blow-ins/bind-ins, any subscribers garnered by this low cost recruitment are considered to be surplus when compared to the extremely high cost of direct mail solicitation (often not recouped until after three years of subscription). See reply coupon, courtesy envelope, self-mailer, premium.

blow-up :

Slang for an enlargement, most frequently of a graphic image or photograph. See graphics, illustration. (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

blue law :

Any prohibitive or puritanical law regulating personal conduct or forbids public acts, especially on the Sabbath or other holy days; such as the Communication Decency Act and Comstock laws. See censorship, expurgate, curiosa, pornography. [cf: blue movie]

blueline :

A generic term for pre-press proofs made from a variety of materials having similar appearances, where all colors show as blue images on white paper; such proofs may also be called white print, blueprint, brownline, position proof, silverprint, Dylux, and VanDyke. This printer's mock-up is used to detect errors and make corrections. See proof.

blue-pencil :

To alter, edit, or delete with (or as if with) a blue colored pencil. See red-pencil, proofread.

blurb :

A brief advertisement, notice, endorsement, or excerpted review, as on a book jacket, expressing praise or approbation; coined by F.G. Burgess (ca1910), and also called "cover blurb" or "advance endorsement". See cover lines, banner, teaser, hook, plug, puffery, snippet, call-out, bite, balderdash. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

board paper :

General term for paper over 110# index, 80# cover, or 200 gsm that is commonly used for products such as file folders, displays, and postcards; also called "paperboard" or "board". See paper.

body copy :

The contents of the main section of the document, article, or book; compare body text, see gray space, back matter. Also, the principal typeface used throughout the majority of the publication, excluding heads and subheads; see type, font. [nb: coloring text can be an effective stylistic motif, as long as the copy is clear and readable; but coloring individual words and phrases in the body copy (rather than using font attributes) will probably not register accurately when printed, so will detract from the design intent]

body language :

Nonverbal communication through the use of postures, poses, facial expressions, gestures, and other subconscious or unconscious expressions; formally known as "kinesics". See mannerism, sign language, language.

(来源：英语资料下载 http://download.englishcn.com)

body size :

The standard unit of type size, normally given in points; being the height of the type measured from the top of the tallest ascender to the bottom of the lowest descender. See ascender, descender, x-height, baseline, cap line, minuscule, set size, expanded type, font, typeface.

body stock :

Category of paper used in writing, printing, and photocopying on which the text or main part of a publication is produced, as compared to cover stock. Also called "communication paper" and writing paper. See paper.

body text :

The typed or typeset portion of a page, excluding any headings. Compare body copy; see gray space.

boilerplate :

Syndicated or ready-to-print copy, used especially by weekly newspapers with limited staff. Also, any trite or hackneyed writing. Also, phrases used typically and repeatedly, as in correspondence. Also, the detailed standard wording of a contract, warranty, license, or the like. [nb: Slang allusions to such prate, twaddle, or claptrap are often represented by buzzwords, "blah-blah", flapdoodle, "yaddah-yaddah", "yak-yak", yackety-yack, in lieu of 'and so forth' or 'et cetera'; see notation; compare bunkum @ pap.]

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

bombproof :

To check and test a print job until it is impeccable; a project without error, flaw, or fault. See proofread, dummy, pre-press, proof.

bond paper :

A superior variety of paper, usually with a high cotton fiber content of 50gsm or more, used especially for stationery; also called "bond" and "business paper". The surface of bond is harder than writing paper, so printing is sharper and clearer. See rag, dual-purpose bond paper, paper.

boneyard :

A collection point or storage place for reusable equipment, props, or devices; as distinguished from a "junkyard" where items are discarded, instead of reused or recycled. See bitbucket, waste.

book :

A long written work, usually printed on sheets of paper bound within covers; see codex, scroll, regional book, bestseller, instant book. Also, the general classification for papers (basic size 25" X 38") used to print books and other textual matter. Also, the industry term for 'magazine' (qv). Also, one of the larger subdivisions of a literary work, usually containing chapters and sections, and contained in one or more volumes (qv). Also, the text, script, or libretto of a play or opera; see opus. [nb: religious materials dominated publishing until 1900, when surpassed by secular productions] (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

bookbinder's press :

A device for securing the materials to be bound together, and for exerting pressure upon those materials during processing. See nipping, binding.

bookbindery :

An establishment for housing machines and supplies utilized in the binding tradecraft; bibliopegy. See bindery, trim, finish, post-press.

book categorization :

Any bibliographic catalog method or organization system, including classification by: title, author, subject, provenance, edition (ie: binding, reprint), date (ie: copyright, acquisition), publisher, condition (eg: new/used, read/unread), size (ie: width, height, page count), color, etc. Formal categorization of books began with book press or chest numbers. Alphabetization was developed during the Medieval era as a method of categorization within encyclopedias and dictionaries. Libraries and bibliopoles have also used Dewey decimal, LCN, ISBN, and UPC notations. See frontlist, midlist, backlist, deadlist, out of print. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

book fair :

A periodic exposition of publications held at an appointed place, in which different exhibitors participate, often with the purpose of buying or selling as an adjunct to market familiarization and related entertainments. The Frankfort Book Fair has attracted bibliopoles and bibliophiles since the Medieval era. Derivation related to festival, feast.

booklet :

A little book, especially one with paper covers. See pamphlet, chapbook, magazine, journal, monograph, brochure, catalog, collateral.

book paper :

Category of paper suitable for books, magazines, catalogs, advertising, and general printing needs. Book paper is divided into uncoated paper (also called offset paper) and coated paper (also called art paper, enamel paper, gloss paper and slick paper). See lightweight paper, paper, paper coating.

bookplate :

A label bearing the owner's name and often a design, for pasting on the front endpaper of a book. See ex libris.

(来源：英语e问e答 http://ask.englishcn.com)

book press :

A large upright case, closet, or cupboard for holding books and other printed matter; also called a "bookcase" or "book chest". See scriptorium, bookstand.

book review :

The section of a magazine or newspaper devoted to the critical analysis of particular books, especially those newly published. References include: "literary Market Place" (LMP), "National Index of Book Publishers". See feature.

bookstand :

A support with a slanted top, for holding an open book at a slight angle, so as to improve textual accessibility; also known as "bookrest", "lectern", "book easel", "podium", "bookrack", or "bookstall". In Medieval libraries, where volumes were commonly chained to their stowage shelf or chest, and where artificial illumination was a hazard to both the collection and the readers, bringing the book nearer to some natural light was crucial; so pivoting podiums, rotating lecterns, and revolving book wheels were devised as essential furniture. See book press, carrel, scriptorium, kiosk. (来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

bookworm / book-worm :

A slang expression for a person whose appetite for reading is voracious, or who prefers reading over most other activities. Also, the larva of a moth or beetle, especially the booklouse, which feeds on books and other printed materials, damaging them by boring small holes through their leaves and bindings.

Boolean algebra :

A system of symbolic logic dealing with the relationship of sets, which is the basis of logic gates and expressions in computers; eponymous derivation after English mathematician George Boole.

Boolean operators :

Any logical operation in which each of the operands and the result take one of two values (eg: "true" / "false"; "circuit on" / "circuit off"); most commonly used in parameter and search expressions. Boolean operators include: AND, NOT, OR, XOR, NEAR, BUT NOT.

border :

A continuous decorative design or line surrounding the page matter or page inset (call-out). See margin, rule, Oxford rule, black space, ornament. (来源：英语麦当劳 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

bourgeois :

An 8.5 point type; see font, type.

boustrophedon :

An artistic presentation, either contained in a slipcase or portfolio, in which the page layout wanders like "oxen turning while plowing"; also called "snake" layout. Derived from the ancient practice of reading lines of text in alternating directions. In page layout, rows are separated, but pages are accordian folded in a continuous set. See accordian-fold, concertina-fold, foldout. [cf: Moon Type punctaform]

bowl :

The partially- or completely-curved closed portions of a character, as b / d / e / g / o / p / q. See ear, finial, type, typeface, font, typography.

box :

A section of text marked-off by rules or white space, and presented separately from the body copy or main text, also called "text box"; see call-out, sidebar, bite, ear, inset, mortise, grid box. Also, in graphical user interfaces (GUI), any enclosed area, resembling a window pane on the monitor, such as dialog, alert, or pop-up boxes; however, these boxes cannot generally be moved or resized, even when interactive. Also, slang for a computer or a workstation. (来源：英语问答中心 http://ask.englishcn.com)

brand / branding :

A mark or impression labeling kind, grade, or make; often synonymous with imprint, signet, or trademark for product consistency and reliability. May be represented as "co-branding" when endorsements or alliances engender dual marketing. Also, a euphemism for attribution or ownership, as a byline, credit line, or show-off; see work for hire.

BRC / BRE :

Abbreviation for Business Reply Card / Envelope; a pre-addressed, prepaid, first-class mailing device that statistically improves the rates of return for renewals, direct mail, and other direct response marketing efforts. The BRE permit may be acquired through the postal service.

breve :

A cup-shaped mark (shallow u) over a vowel to show that it is short, or to indicate a specific pronunciation; see vowel, accent, diacritic. Also, this same mark used to indicate a short or unstressed syllable in prosody; compare macron, see foot. [v: pyrrhic]
(来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

brevier :

A 7.6 point type; see font, type.

bricks and clicks / bricks 'n' clicks :

Slang for publishing in both tangible and electronic modes; production in both traditional forms (eg: paper, film, etc) and in cyberspace or ethernet realms.

brightness :

The measure (by densitometer) of light reflected from paper. See illustration.

brilliant :

A 3.5 point type; see font, type.

Bristol board :

A fine smooth pasteboard that is sometimes glazed. See paper.

Bristol paper :

General term referring to paper six points or thicker with basis weight between 90# and 200# (200-500 gsm). Used for products such as index cards, file folders, and displays. See paper.

British quotation :

The logical placement of quotation marks; such that when a complete sentence is quoted within another sentence, it retains its original punctuation. This convention was formerly standard in American usage until newspapers "simplified" the style to save space; but has been retained in literary and scholarly writing. [cf: singular / plural verbs with collective nouns] See Oxford comma, punctuation, stylebook.

(来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

broadcast :

To disseminate or spread widely; as to transmit programmed radio or television performances or presentations; derived from "spread + throw", with related coinage 'telecast' ("far + throw") and 'newscast'. People prefer media which reinforces their opinions and conclusions, selecting media by its application to lifestyle, education, entertainment, or career (v: narrowcast). The fact that something is printed or broadcast is sufficient to reassure people's suspicions. Compelled to choose only one medium, most people prefer the passive audiovisual reception of television over the strictures of print; and believe that broadcast news is more unbiased than printed news, even if the text is identical. See medium, webcast, multicast backbone, VSAT, communique, documentary, bully pulpit, commentator, mannerism, dramatis personae, infomercial, wasteland. [nb: the internet has probably influenced public trust, because anything printed was once considered indisputable; but the "unbiased" attribution to the impermanent broadcast media (often owned and operated by the same corporations that publish print) probably has more to do with plastic reportage and absent comparisons]

(来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

broadside :

Any printed advertising circular; also called a broadsheet or flier. Originally, a sheet of paper printed on one side only, as for posting or distribution; a virulent form of which was known as the "Black-letter Broadside Ballad". See leaflet, handbill, banner, poster, blanket sheet, panel, news book.

brochure :

A pamphlet or leaflet; derived from "to stitch" a book. See booklet, chapbook, monograph, catalog, collateral.

broke :

Trimmings, defective sheets, and other unprinted paper collected at the mill and from converters and printers. Broke is preconsumer waste that mills recycle back into pulp.

broken carton :

A container, such as a carton of paper or books, from which some of the contents have been sold; also called "less carton".

bromide :

A photographic print made on bromide paper. Also, a trite image, platitudinous saying, or boring person.

(来源：英语论坛 http://bbs.englishcn.com)

bronzing :

A printing effect produced by dusting wet ink with a metallic powder. See paper coating.

browser :

A computer program (such as Explorer, Netscape, Mozilla, Lynx, Cello, Opera, Kermit, or Mosaic) that enables the user to view webpages or other data sets. Web browsers communicate with Web servers via the TCP/IP protocol. The browser sends HTTP/FTP requests to the server, which responds with HTML pages and possibly additional programs in the form of ActiveX controls or Java applets. See frames, validation, website, web server.

B sizes :

ISO paper sizes about 18 percent bigger than A sizes for printing large items such as charts, maps and posters. See paper.

budget :

An itemized estimate of expected income and anticipated expenses for a given period of planned future operations. Items for publishing include: pre-press / prep, printing, post-press / finishing, distribution, solicitation, commissions, salaries, device fees, utility charges, facility lease payments, loan interest payments. Pre-launch financing is the sum spent to test the market's receptivity, and is not recoverable; but launch financing can expect a return for investors after five or more years of successful publication. See venture capital, entrepreneurship, benefactor, marketing plan, sweat equity, appropriation.

(来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

bug :

A defect, error, or imperfection, as in computer software. See crash, debug.

bulk :

Thickness of paper relative to its basis weight.

bulking dummy :

A dummy (qv) assembled from the actual paper specified for a printing job; also known as a "rough".

bullet :

A heavy dot or distinctive mark used for calling attention to particular sections of text; as derived from "ball". This design element is often used to setoff listed items ("bullet list"); and such a graphical element automatically highlights the items in an Unordered List (<UL>) configured as an HTML tag. See ornament, dingbat, guillemet, disc, fist, hanging, page marker, font, typeface.

bullpen :

Any crowded or temporary quarters, as the shared commons of a newsroom.

bully pulpit :

The use of an official office or social position to exhort a preferred course or extol a favored perspective, a partisan sermon; such as a newspaper that bullyrags a topic. See news, broadcast, webcast, narrowcast, journalism, disinformation, factoid, counterfactual.

(来源：英语麦当劳www.EnglishCN.com)

burn :

To expose a printing plate to light. See double burn, gamma, film, illustration.

burnisher :

A friction tool, sometimes spring-loaded to ensure consistent pressure, for making something smooth or lustrous; derived from "polish". Print will not smudge after burnishing. See slur, mezzotint, dry transfer.

burst :

To separate the sheets of a multipart copy, as to distribute or collate; compare jog. Also, to transmit a packet of encoded or compressed data as a unitary signal element; also known as "pulse" or "squirt".

burst binding :

To bind by forcing glue into notches or crenelations along the spines of gathered signatures before affixing a paper cover; also called "burst perfect bind", "notch bind", and "slotted bind". See binding.

bus :

A set of linear hardware circuits under the control of the microprocessor that are used to transfer data among the components of a computer system, which are rated by transfer bits, and are usually expandable. See USB, computer, hardware. [v: ISA, API, EISA, Micro Channel Architecture, IRQ]

(来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

business angel :

Slang for private or institutional investors of venture capital, which funding enables high potential businesses with limited security to launch; also called "backer" or "pigeon". The start-ups encumbered by such a debt load are called "captives". If the schedule of incremental disbursements is interrupted due to underachievement or other increased risks, the investment or investor may be known as a "fallen angel", "plucked pigeon", or "dead pigeon". See benefactor, white knight, entrepreneurship, venture, budget.

byline :

The attribution line printed below a book title or story heading that cites the author's name; such attribution may alternatively appear on deck or at the conclusion. See credit line, caption, deck, brand, show-off, autograph, allonym, ghostwriter, plagiarism.

byplay :

A peripheral action or speech simultaneously conducted with the primary or major proceedings, such as performances carried-on outside the central focus of the stage or film. See sidebar, runner, factoid, counterfactual; compare cause celebre. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

byte :

A unit of computer memory usually consisting of eight adjacent bits; see nybble; compare analog, quantum. [v: kilobyte/KB, megabyte/MB, gigabyte/GB, terabyte/TB, petabyte/PB, exabyte/EB, zettabyte/ZB, yottabyte/YB; cf: umpteen]

- C -

C / C++ :

A powerful high-level computer programming language suited for creating operating systems and complex applications. Designed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the 1970s, the C language was developed to allow UNIX to run on a variety of computers. C is becoming popular as an alternative to assembly language for some uses, and can be compiled into machine language for almost all computers. An object-oriented version of C, called C++, was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in 1986. In the C language, "C++" means "add 1 to C". C++ is the basis of the Java language. See Objective C, language.

(来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

cacography :

Bad handwriting. Also, poor spelling. Compare orthography, neologism. [nb: "Those people spell best who do not know how to spell." by Benjamin Franklin (as cited in Noah Webster's first dictionary); "I don't have much respect for the intelligence of anyone who can think of only one way to spell a word." by Andrew "Old Hickory" Jackson]

CAD :

The abbreviation for Computer Assisted Drafting / Drawing, being a graphics program for creating orthographic views. See graphics.

calender :

To make the surface of paper smooth by pressing it between rollers during manufacture. See machine glazed, paper coating.

California job case :

Storage container for foundry type (qv), subdivided into 89 compartments arranged by frequency of use. See type case.

caliper :

Thickness of paper or other substrata expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils or points), pages per inch (ppi), thousandths of a millimeter (microns), or pages per centimeter (ppc). See paper.

(来源：英语麦当劳－英语杂志 www.EnglishCN.com)

calligraphy :

The art of beautiful penmanship or fancy writing; a script of high aesthetic value produced chiefly by brush, as prized in Arabic, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese writing. See swash, paraph, stress variant, writing instruments.

call-out :

An excerpt or quotation extracted ("called-out") from a story or essay, and prominently displayed, as a banner or text box, to attract a reader's attention to a significant or salient point in the composition; also known as pull-quote, "pull-line", or "call-up". See blurb, squib, snippet, teaser, sidebar, side note, box, epigraph, bite, ear, mortise, byplay, counterfactual, factoid.

cameo :

A special effect typeface in which the characters are tone reversed. See reverse, outline, knockout, cutout; compare drop out, silhouette.

cameo binding :

A style of bookbinding, also called "plaquette binding", popular in Italy during the Sixteenth Century, in which the center of the boards forming the cover was relief stamped in imitation of a coin or medallion, and was sometimes embellished with ink or foil. Such a centerpiece has been combined with cornerpiece ornamentations. See cartouche, binding. (来源：英语交友 http://friends.englishcn.com)

camera-ready copy :

Mechanicals, photographs, and artworks that are fully prepared for reproduction according to the technical requirements of the printing process being used; also called "photo-ready copy" and "final paste-up".

C&IC / C&1C :

Notation for setting the first letter of each word in capital (qv) or uppercase type. See down style, heading, ALL CAPS, CAP&SC, proofreader's marks; compare U&LC, CAP&LC, LC.

CAP :

Abbreviation for "capitalize lowercase letter"; see ALL CAPS, CAP&:SC, proofreader's marks, compare U&LC, CAP&LC.

CAP&LC :

Notation to set designated letters in CAPitals followed by LowerCase letters. See CAP, ALL CAPS, LC, proofreader's marks.

CAP&SC :

Notation to set designated letters in CAPitals followed by Small-Capitals. See CAP, ALL CAPS, C&IC, OC, small-cap, proofreader's marks.

(来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

capital :

A capitalized letter or uppercase type; also called "head letter". See CAP, majuscule, uncial, LC, OC, small-cap, initial, drop-cap, rubric, ALL CAPS, C&IC, down style.

cap line :

An imaginary line at the top of capital letters; with the distance from the cap line to the baseline being the cap size. See body size.

caption :

A title or explanation for an illustration, as in a magazine; see balloon, credit line, underline, byline. Also, a title or heading, as of a chapter or page; see heading, catchline. Also, a title or other words projected onto a movie or television screen; compare crawl, zipper sign, ticker tape. Also, an HTML tag that entitles with a heading. Term derived from "seize" or capture.

captive printer :

Department of an agency, association, or business that does printing for a parent organization; also called "in-house printer" and "in-plant printer". (来源：EnglishCN英语博客基地)

carbon black :

Any of various finely divided forms of amorphous carbon, used in pigments, in rubber products, and as clarifying or filtering agents. See pigment, ink, dye.

card :

A small framed business advertisement, similar to a calling card, bearing minimal information, arranged in columns or clusters at the back of magazines or newspapers; existing as a listing or announcement of the existence of a particular establishment with its location or contact information. See tombstone, fractional ad, advertising.

cardboard :

A thin, stiff pasteboard, used for signs and boxes. Compare chipboard.

caret :

A mark (^) made in written or printed matter to show the place where something is to be inserted; derived from "there is lacking / wanting". See notation, proofreader's marks.

carload :

A selling unit of paper that may weigh anywhere between 20,000 and 100,000 pounds (9,090 to 45,454 kilos), depending upon which mill or merchant uses the term; which is abbreviated CL.

(来源：英语学习门户网站EnglishCN.com)

carrel :

A cubicle, alcove, cell, chamber, stall, compartment, or other enclosure, often containing a desk, partitioned for private study in a library. See scriptorium, bookstand.

carry-over / carry-over line :

The line of editorial notation, inserted at the resumption point or arrival destination of an interrupted presentation to which the reader has been directed. See jump line, jump head, jump article, read through, sequence; compare continue line, page marker, end sign.

carton :

A selling unit of paper weighing approximately 150 pounds (60 kilos). A carton can contain anywhere from 500 to 5,000 sheets, depending on the size of sheets and their basis weight. See broken carton, paper.

cartoon :

A drawing symbolizing, satirizing, or caricaturing some action, subject, or person; including "comic strip" and "animated cartoon". Also, a preliminary pictorial design, as for a fresco or frieze; or a template for tapestry or embroidery. See morph, animation, illustration. [nb: single comics first appeared in American newspapers during the 1870s; first comic strip was "Katzenjammer Kids" by Rudolph Dirks (1897); "A. Mutt" (later "Mutt and Jeff") by H.C. "Bud" Fisher was first six-day-a-week strip (1907); first underground comic ("comix") was "Zap" by Robert Crumb (1967)]

(来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

cartouche / cartouch :

A rounded panel, often containing an inscription, decoration, or coat of arms. Also, an ornamental frame with decorative elements in the shape of a scroll, appearing in the corner of a map around an inscription giving the map's title or subject, name of cartographer, scale, and other descriptive information. Also, an oblong figure, as on ancient monuments, enclosing the name of a sovereign. See inscription, banderole, epigram.

cartridge :

A thick general-purpose paper used for printing, drawing, and wrapping. See paper.

case :

Covers and spine that, as a unit, enclose the pages of a casebound book.

case binding :

To bind using glue to hold signatures to a case made of binder board covered with fabric, plastic, or leather; also called "cloth bound", "edition bound", and "hard bound". See binding.

cast-coated paper :

High-gloss, coated paper made by pressing the paper against a polished, hot, metal drum while the coating is still wet. See paper coating. (来源：EnglishCN英语问答中心[e问e答])

cast off :

A calculation of finished size based on a determination of text, illustration, and margin space laid-out for typesetting. Compare over-set; see trim, crop, edit, grid, layout, spread, pre-press.

catalog / catalogue :

Any list or record, usually arranged systematically with descriptive materials, and sometimes included in another source or subsumed by a more extensive resource; see brochure, pamphlet, booklet, journal, monograph, gazette, program. Also, the listed contents of a library, arranged according to any of various systems; see book categorization.

catalog paper :

Coated paper rated #4 or #5 with basis weight from 35# to 50# (50 to 75 gsm) commonly used for catalogs and magazines. See paper.

catastasis :

The part of a drama, preceding the catastrophe, in which the action is at its height, being the climax of a play; derived from "settle", state or stand. See drama. (来源：英语美食指南 http://food.englishcn.com)

catastrophe :

The point in a drama following the climax and introducing the conclusion. Compare denouement, kicker; see deus ex machina, drama.

catchline :

A temporary headline for identification on the top of a galley proof. See heading, caption, galley proof.

catch-phrase / catchphrase :

A phrase that attracts or is meant to attract attention. See put to bed, catchword, pap, jingle, ad diction, slogan, slang, trigger term.

catchword :

An effective or attractive word or phrase made memorable by frequent repetition; see catch-phrase, slogan, ad diction, pap, jingle, trigger term. Also, a word printed at the top of a page in a reference book to indicate the first or last entry on that page; also called "guideword" or headword (qv), not keyword (qv).

cause celebre / cause c俵奲re :

Any genuine or synthetic controversy that attracts great public attention, as an infamous deed or a notorious scandal; literally derived from "famous case". See papier-mache, flackery, slander, factoid, counterfactual, disinformation; compare byplay.

(来源：英语图片 http://photo.englishcn.com)

cc / c.c. :

Abbreviation for copy/copies, as derived from "carbon copy", referring to the former practice of interleaving sheets of carbon paper between blank pages to mechanically reproduce the original, which was a process fraught with potential errors and image degradation; to reduce errors and increase productivity, special "copy set" combinations of lightweight paper with attached carbon paper were manufactured for government and business use. See copy, flimsy, onionskin, manifold, NCR paper. Also, abbreviation for 'chapters'.

CCD :

The abbreviation for Charged Coupled Device, such as a camera or scanner that uses arrays of photocells to capture images.

CD :

The abbreviation for Compact Disc, being a small optical disc (@ 120mm/dia, c1982 by Sony) on which music, data, or images are digitally recorded for playback (spin-rate: 1X = 150KB/s). A "read-only memory" attributed compact disc (CD-ROM) can store a large amount of digitized data. Writeable compact disc (CD-R) technology for archival media is considered more durable than magnetic storage, but unlike CD-ROM, no single standard exists for uniformity and compatibility. The CD-R optical disk is also known as "write once, read many" (WORM), but this niche market technology can only be read by the same type of drive that originally wrote them. Disc capacity has been increased by conversion to DVD format (@120mm/dia, 1X = 1350KB/s, c1996), and will be greatly expanded when the laser spectrum shifts from red to blue, which allows increased density. See analog, COLD, e-pub, disc. (来源：英语麦当劳－英语快餐EnglishCN.com)

CE :

The abbreviation for copyeditor; see copyedit, proofread.

censorship :

The power to or the act of censoring, as exercised through religious office or governmental agency, by examining literature, dramatic performances, public speeches, and other published or broadcast matter for the purpose of suppressing or deleting parts deemed objectionable on moral, political, military, or other grounds. The most notable roster of excluded materials was the Catholic "Index of Prohibited Books" begun by Pope Leo X, which was discontinued in 1966 [cf: Protestant Index Expurgatorius]; but the void has been more than filled by secular arbiters from university panels and library committees, where judgements are made without benefit of popular law or substantive ethics. Discrimination based upon "political correctness" is only the latest spasm of doctrinaire scrutiny by the Orwellian "thought police", since everything from children's books and religious texts to seditious and salacious materials have been banned in the "Land of the Free", with international prohibitions varying upon revised policies. The media industry guidelines regulating the "sex and violence" ratings are a form of voluntary censorship which, like official suppression [v: Comstock], tends to stimulate prurient interest and increase profitability. Derived from the Roman official charged with the enforcement of public manners and morals, being required "to give one's opinion, recommendation, or assessment". See imprimatur, propaganda, disinformation, samizdat, trigger term, advertising, PSA, recension, expurgate, expose, curiosa, pornography, copyright, freedom of speech, freedom of information, intellectual freedom, euphemism, intelligentsia. [v: auto-da-fe/auto-da-f? nihil obstat] (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

center spread :

The facing pages in the exact center of a magazine, which is a desirable spot for advertisers because of its high visibility; a form of double spread (qv). See cover positions, crossover.

cento :

A piece of writing, especially a poem, composed wholly of quotations from the works of other authors, with a meaning or message different from the original. Also, anything composed of incongruous parts, as a conglomeration. Derived from "patchwork quilt". See pastiche, compilation.

caesura :

A break or pause in a line of verse, marked in scansion by a double vertical line; see meter, prosody, verse, truncation, elision. Also, any hiatus or interruption; see interlude.

CFML :

The abbreviation for Cold Fusion Markup Language (qv); see markup.

CGI script :

The abbreviation for Common Gateway Interface script, being a small program written in a language such as PERL, Tcl, C or C++ that functions as the connection between HTML webpages and other programs on a Web server. For example, a CGI would allow search data entered on a Web page to be sent to the database management system (DBMS) for lookup. It would also format the results of that search as an HTML page and send it back to the user. The CGI script resides in the server, and obtains the data from the user via environment variables that the Web server makes available to it. CGI scripts have been the initial mechanism used to make websites interact with databases and other applications. However, as the Web has evolved, server processing methods have been developed that are more efficient and easier to program. For example, Microsoft promotes its Active Server Pages (ASPs) for its Windows Web servers, and Sun/Netscape nurtures its Java roots with JavaServer Pages (JSPs) and servlets. See browser, web server, language.

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CGM :

The abbreviation for Computer Graphics Metafile, being a file format (*.CGM) designed by several standards organizations, and formally ratified by ANSI. It is designed for exchanging graphics files between applications, in both vector and raster formats, and is widely supported by a variety of software and hardware products. See metafile, graphics, illustration.

chalking :

A powdering effect on the surface of paper after the ink has failed to dry satisfactorily due to a fault in printing. See paper coating.

change order :

Alternate term for alteration; see AA, insert, sandwich, PE, proofread.

chapbook :

A small book or pamphlet, usually between 24-32 pages, of tales, ballads, tracts, or poems; as derived from chapman (peddler, tradesman) + book. See booklet, magazine, tabloid, newsletter, gazette, pamphlet, journal, monograph, compilation.

character count :

As the initial stage in typeset calculations, the number of characters (ie: letters, figures, signs, or spaces) in a line, paragraph, or other piece of copy; also called "unit count". See copyfit, linage.

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character map :

An interactive keyboard layout in Windows that shows the characters available for each typeface in uppercase, lowercase, and with option keys. The equivalent utility for Macintosh is Key Caps. Supporting the array is actually a block of memory addresses that correspond to character spaces on the display screen; with each memory allocation containing the description of the character shown in that space. See charset, font, type.

character string :

A sequence of characters manipulated as a group; sometimes a concatenation of terms in a special computer language. Depending on the system, a character string will be set off distinctively, or enclosed by single or double quotation marks; and is distinguished from a name by its length and reference variability. See SNOBOL, thread.

charset :

The contraction for "character set", being a group of related alphabetic, numeric, symbolic, and other characters, including control codes. See character map, ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, ANSI, ISO.

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chase :

An adjustable rectangular frame into which composed type is secured or locked for printing or platemaking; derived from "enclosed space", case. See furniture, quoin, reglet, galley.

chatroom :

An interactive online forum featuring real-time conversations among participants on a specific topic, which communications may be monitored (read like a BBS) by subscribing observers. See IRC, newsgroup, instant messaging, blog, thread, listserve, UseNet.

cheater bar :

Using vacant space on an imposed sheet, prints compensatory ink to balance the difference between a solid and a knockout, so uneven ink distribution will not distort the image with streaks or build-ups; also called "take-away bar" or "ghosting bar". Compare color control bar, eye markers; see color shift, color cast, scum, ghosting.

chiaroscuro :

The distribution of light and shade in a picture; as the use of deep variations in shadow, and subtle gradations of light, for general dramatic effect, and to enhance the delineation of character. Also, a woodcut print in which the colors are produced by the use of different blocks with different colors. Derived from "light + dark"; see illustration.

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chiasmus :

Word order reversal in two otherwise parallel phrases, as syntactic reversal or ideational exchange, also known as "convertible statement" or "reversible raincoat sentence" (eg: "The two most engaging powers of an author are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new." or "Your manuscript is both good and original; but the part that is good is not original, and the part that is original is not good."); derivation related to physiological cross-over (ie: optic chiasm). See rhetorical forms.

chip :

A tiny slice of semiconducting material on which a transistor or an integrated circuit is formed; also called "microchip". A transistor is a compact solid-state device consisting of a semiconductor with three or more electrodes, performing the primary functions of an electron tube: amplification, switching, and detection, while using less power. The integrated circuit pattern is transferred to the microchip by photolithography. The first transistor -- a tiny slab of germanium, some bits of gold foil, a paper clip, and some pieces of plastic -- was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics. The transistor led to the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958, and of the minicomputer in 1960. See silicon, ROM, disc, hardware, computer.

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chipboard :

A thin, stiff sheet material, such as non-corrugated cardboard, made from wastepaper; see paper. Also, a type of board made from compressed waste wood bound together with synthetic resin.

choke :

Technique of slightly decreasing or reducing the size of an image to create an outline or hairline trap; also called "shrink" and "skinny". See spread, register.

chrestomathy :

A collection of selected literary passages, often from a single author, and usually from a foreign language; as derived from "useful + learn". See compilation.

chroma :

The strength or purity of a color, as compared to neutral gray, or its freedom from white or gray; also called "depth", "intensity", "purity", and "saturation". Also, the intensity of hue. Compare hue, value; see gray scale, brightness, solid, illustration.

CIE :

The abbreviation for Commission International de l'Eclairage, being the organization that developed color standards used in PostScript and other software. (来源：最老牌的英语学习网站 EnglishCN.com)

cinematography :

The art or technique of motion-picture photography; derived from "moving/motion + image". See film, photography, illustration. [v: phi phenomenon]

cinema verite / cin俶a v俽it?:

A documentary filmaking technique which records actual persons and events without scripting or directorial intervention; derived "motion[-picture] + truth". See storyboard, film, documentary.

circulation :

Usually a periodical's total paid readership; a combination of individual, institutional, and agent-sold subscriptions plus average single-copy sales. Those copies actually sold, not the total sent to distributors. Test marketing can be done with limited circulation in a prospective area or among potential subscribers. See single-copy sales, draw, renewal rate, conversion, soft offer, audience, tracking, testing, ABC, controlled circulation.

classic :

An author or literary work of the first rank, especially one of demonstrably enduring quality, as fundamental, traditional, or definitive. See literature, immortals, copyright. (来源：专业英语学习网站 http://www.EnglishCN.com)

clause :

Any group of words containing a subject and predicate. An independent syntactic construction may constitute a whole simple sentence. A dependent clause marked by a subordinate conjunction forms part of another syntactic construction. Any number of dependent or independent clauses may be connected in an expressive series; restricted only by clarity of meaning and stylistic guidelines. Compare phrase; see parts of speech. Also, a distinct article, section, or provision in a contract, will, treaty, or other formal written document; derived from "conclusion".

clean color :

A subjective term meaning vivid or pure; see illustration.

cliche / clich?:

A trite style, stereotyped form, or hackneyed plot, as unimaginative character development in literature or drama; see rhetorical forms. Also, a stereotype or electrotype printing plate. or a reproduction made by such a manner; derived from onomatopoetic imitation of such a plate pressing against the matrix. (来源：英语电影下载 http://bt.englishcn.com)

climax :

A decisive moment or culmination in a dramatic or literary work th